Newton, Steve v Toll Transport Pty Ltd - [2020] FWC 5960

Fair Work Act 2009
s.394—Unfair dismissal

Steve Newton

Toll Transport Pty Ltd
(U2019/9520)

DEPUTY PRESIDENT BOYCE SYDNEY, 25 NOVEMBER 2020

Application for an unfair dismissal remedy — applicant a union delegate of 41 years of
service with employer — applicant dismissed for alleged ‘serious misconduct’ for fighting
and separately engaging in a verbal altercation — applicant travelled from Sydney to
Melbourne to attend meetings convened by union — fighting occurred post the cessation of
union meetings at a hotel — applicant on paid union delegate’s leave — employer paid for
airfares, accommodation, and meals in Melbourne — fighting did not have sufficient
connection to ‘work’ and thus not a valid reason for dismissal — verbal altercation not a
valid reason for dismissal — employer investigation into fight and verbal altercation —
applicant dishonest during investigation — applicant maintained version of events put
forward to employer during hearing — whether dishonestly that became apparent during
hearing a valid reason for dismissal — valid reason for dismissal found on the basis of
dishonesty — procedural fairness concerns and other matters weighed against dishonesty —
application for unfair dismissal remedy dismissed.

[1] This decision concerns an unfair dismissal application made by Mr Stephen Newton
against Toll Transport Pty Ltd (Toll).

[2] The matter was heard together with the unfair dismissal application made by Mr
Wayne Chambers in Chambers v Toll Transport Pty Ltd (Chambers’ Decision),1 with
evidence in one proceeding being evidence in the other. Many of my core findings in the
Chamber’s decision apply equally in this decision.

[3] Where I refer to the “Applicants” in this decision, I am referring to both Mr Newton
and Mr Chambers.

[4] Both of the Applicants were:

(a) employed as Truck Drivers (throughout their employment) with Toll; and

1 [2020] FWC 5819.

[2020] FWC 5960 [Note: This decision has been quashed - refer to Full
Bench decision dated 16 June 2021 [2021] FWCFB 3457]

DECISION

E AUSTRALIA FairWork Commission

https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/decisionssigned/html/2021fwcfb3457.htm

[2020] FWC 5960

(b) at the time of their dismissals on 23 August 2019, delegates of Transport
Workers’ Union of Australia (New South Wales Branch) (TWU) (in respect of the
relevant division of Toll).

[5] Mr Newton asserts that his dismissal was “unfair” within the meaning of Part 3-2 of
the Fair Work Act 2009 (Act). He seeks the primary remedy of reinstatement, or in the
alternative, compensation.

[6] Mr Newton was dismissed for reasons of alleged “serious misconduct” in relation to a
verbal and physical altercation between Mr Chambers and himself at the Seasons Botanic
Gardens Hotel (Hotel) in St Kilda, Victoria, on 30 May 2019, at around 10.25pm (Fight).

[7] A further reason relied upon by Toll to dismiss Mr Newton concerns his role in
another verbal altercation with another Toll TWU delegate, Mr Robert Mitchell, on 9 April
2019 (Verbal Altercation).

[8] In summary, Mr Newton does not dispute that he engaged in the Fight or the Verbal
Altercation. However, he submits that there is no “valid reason” for his dismissal because the
Fight and the Verbal Altercation have no relevant connection to his employment with Toll.
Further, or in the alternative, Mr Newton disputes a number of factual issues that he submits,
if found in his favour, remove or diminish his culpability and/or the seriousness of the
incidents, even if such incidents are found to have occurred at work, meaning that his conduct
in respect of the incidents do not give rise to valid reasons for his dismissal. In the absence of
a valid reason, Mr Newton submits that his dismissal was harsh, unjust, and/or unreasonable.

[9] In response, Toll says that the dismissal of Mr Newton was not unfair because there
was a valid reason for his dismissal in the facts and circumstances of this case.

[10] The parties are also in dispute as to whether Toll afforded Mr Newton procedural
fairness in effecting his dismissal.

Permission to be legally represented granted to all parties

[11] At the hearing, Mr M Gibian of Senior Counsel, instructed by Mr G Webb of the TWU
appeared for Mr Newton. Mr P Boncardo of Counsel, instructed by Ms L de Plater of the
TWU, appeared for Mr Chambers. Mr B Rauf, instructed by Ms E Strachan of Herbert Smith
Freehills, appeared for Toll.

[12] I granted permission for all parties to be legally represented due to the complexity of
the legal issues arising in the proceedings, and the likely issues concerning witness credibility
(especially as between Mr Newton and Mr Chambers).

[13] In summary, I determined that pursuant to s.596 of the Act, it would be more efficient
for the Commission to have the assistance of legal representation on behalf of the parties in
conducting the hearing of this matter. Permission for the parties to be respectively legally
represented was not opposed.

Facts not in contention

[2020] FWC 5960

[14] Mr Newton is 61 years of age. He has been employed by Toll since 25 May 1978
(around 42 years). At the time of his dismissal, Mr Newton was based at the Toll
Bungarribee depot in New South Wales.

[15] During his employment with Toll, Mr Newton received a verbal warning in February
2009, a written warning in July 2014, and a further written warning in October 2016.2 Given
that the dismissal of Mr Newton was for reasons of serious misconduct, concerning the Fight
and the Verbal Altercation, the previous warnings issued to Mr Newton travel no further (for
the purposes of these proceedings) than factual context in terms of Mr Newton’s employment
history at Toll.3

[16] At or around the time of the commencement of his employment, and/or during the
course of that employment, Mr Newton agreed to comply with Tolls policies and procedures
(as amended from time to time), pursuant to express terms to that effect contained under his
contract of employment and job description.4

[17] The terms of the Toll – TWU Enterprise Agreement 2017-2020 (Agreement), also set
out obligations, responsibilities, and standards for relevant employees (and TWU delegates) to
whom the Agreement applies.5 The Agreement relevantly applied to Mr Newton whilst
employed by Toll.

[18] On 30 May 2019, Mr Newton and Mr Chambers separately flew to Melbourne to
attend two days of TWU meetings, being a Toll TWU sub-committee meeting on Thursday,
30 May 2019, and a TWU National Delegates meeting on Friday, 31 May 2019 (collectively,
TWU Meetings). Both Mr Newton and Mr Chambers stayed in Melbourne overnight.

[19] The TWU Meetings were arranged and convened by the TWU, and were held at the
TWU’s offices in Port Melbourne (being TWU House, Rouse Street, Port Melbourne).

[20] The first day of the TWU Meetings (on 30 May 2019) commenced at 10.00am, and
formally concluded at 4.00pm. The TWU Meetings reconvened at 8.00am the following day
(31 May 2019), and formally concluded at 3.00pm.6 The TWU Meetings were attended by
Toll TWU delegates, albeit a few Toll managers and Toll industrial relations advisers
attended some of the TWU meetings.7

[21] Mr Newton did not attend the TWU meetings on 31 May 2019 due to injuries
sustained during the Fight. Mr Chambers did not attend the full day of TWU meetings on 31

2 Joint ‘agreed’ chronology.
3 Exhibit R7, paragraph [13] (Three warnings in 41 years of service), Transcript, 6 February

2020, PN3904-PN3907 – previous warnings issued to Mr Newton did not form part of
Toll’s decision to dismiss him.

4 Exhibit R7, at [9], [11], Annexure PS-3; Annexures MR-2 (“Toll Workplace Behaviors
Policy”), MR-3 (“Toll Standard”); MR-4 (“Toll Code”); MR-5 (“Toll Serious Misconduct
Policy”); MR-1, Attachment 2 to Agreement (Toll Drugs and Alcohol Policy); Transcript,
PN601-PN608; See also Transcript, PN678-PN688.

5 See clauses 9, 16, 19, and 37(b) of the Agreement.
6 Exhibits C4 and C5. See also emails from Katrina De Lange, dated 20 June 2019 at

12.18pm and 11.57am containing the Agendas for the TWU meetings on 30 and 31 May
2019 (indicting Toll was aware of the TWU meeting agendas).

7 Exhibit R7, at [15].

[2020] FWC 5960

May 2019 because he was directed to return to Sydney by Toll, after Toll management had
become aware of the Fight having taken place and stood him down from his employment
pending investigation.8

[22] The TWU Meetings involved discussions around agenda items concerning Toll
policies, standards, and workplace initiatives, as well as Toll inductions, owner drivers, and
outside hire. Discussions also concerned the “Sydney Consolidation Program” — that is, the
moving of Toll’s Sydney operations from Bankstown to Banksmeadow and Bungarribee.9
The purpose of the TWU Meetings was to enable the sharing of information and discussions
in respect of these agenda items between the TWU, some Toll management, and nominated
TWU Toll delegates.

[23] Whilst attending the TWU meetings, Mr Newton was on paid “Delegates’ Leave” as
provided for under cl.49 of the Agreement. Clause 49 relevantly reads:

“49. Union Delegates

…

49.2 Delegates' rights and responsibilities

…

(i) acting in manner consistent with and appropriate to their role;

(ii) raising workplace issues in a timely fashion and working co-
operatively to resolve issues;

(iii) dealing appropriately with all Transport Workers; and

(iv) using equipment made available in a manner consistent with Toll
policies, provided that this commitment will not preclude a delegate from
exercising his or her representational role in an appropriate manner.

(d) …

49.3 Delegates' leave

(a) Toll will provide Union delegates with paid leave of up to 10 days per annum
to attend Union delegates' meetings, Union training or the annual Union delegates
conference or other Union campaign activity which is consistent with this Agreement,
provided that this commitment will not preclude the Union from exercising its
organisational objectives in an appropriate manner.

8 Exhibit R8, Annexures RL-2 and RL-3.
9 Exhibit R7, at [15].

[2020] FWC 5960

(b) In addition to the leave referred to in clause 49.3(a), Toll will make available a
total pool of 100 days paid leave, nationally, to be used by delegates to carry out their
functions, including discharging the responsibilities of any positions they hold with the
Union.

(c) To ensure the smooth running of Toll operations, Union delegates will be
released by Toll for paid leave on the following basis:

(i) for yards with 20 or fewer Transport Workers - 1 delegate;

(ii) for yards with more than 21 Transport Workers but fewer than 200
Transport Workers - 2 delegates;

(iii) for yards with greater than 200 Transport Workers - 3 delegates.

(d) The limitations in clause 49.3(c) will not apply in respect of the Union's annual
conference or for enterprise agreement report back meetings connected with the
negotiations for the agreement to replace this Agreement.

(e) Prior to Toll agreeing to release a delegate, the Union will provide Toll with no
fewer than 7 days’ notice in writing of such a request for the release of delegates.

…

(h) Delegates who take leave under this clause will be paid for each day of the
leave the earnings that they would have received had the day been worked.

…”

(my emphasis)

[24] Neither party asserted that there had been any non-compliance with cl.49.3 of the
Agreement in respect of the Delegates’ Leave taken by Mr Newton on 30 and 31 May 2019 to
attend the TWU meetings (c.f. cl.49.3(a), (c), and (e) of the Agreement), or that such leave
was not otherwise authorised or approved by Toll.

[25] Toll covered the cost of the following expenses for Mr Newton:

(a) return airfares between Sydney and Melbourne for Mr Newton (and other Toll
TWU delegates) to attend the TWU Meetings;

(b) Mr Newton’s mode of transportation from Melbourne airport to the TWU
offices, and in and around Melbourne; and

10 Transcript, PN732; Exhibit R5, paragraphs [18], [27]; Exhibit R7, paragraph [66].

Although see Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-19, bottom of p.121 to top of p.122 (Transcript of
interview with Paul Newton).

[2020] FWC 5960

[26] Further, Toll prepared and provided Mr Newton with a travel itinerary as Toll had
booked and paid for Mr Newton’s accommodation and travel.11 The management by Toll of
TWU delegates’ travel and accommodation, including that of Mr Newton, was a private
arrangement between Toll and the TWU (i.e. there is nothing in the Agreement requiring that
this courtesy be provided).12

[27] Mr Newton and Mr Chambers were both in casual clothing attire (i.e. not Toll
uniforms) prior to, and at the time of, the Fight.

[28] Neither Toll nor the TWU organised any dinners or other social functions involving
Mr Chambers, Mr Newton, or other Toll TWU delegates whilst they were in Melbourne. The
only events organised were the TWU Meetings, which were organised by the TWU, and
concluded between 3:00pm and 4:00pm each day.13

[29] There is neither CCTV footage of, nor any witnesses to, the Fight.14

[30] Victoria Police Officers attended the Hotel shortly after the Fight, at around 11.00pm
on 30 May 2019. Mr Chambers and Mr Newton were separately interviewed by those
officers. No charges were, or have since, been laid against either of the Applicants, nor have
either of them sought or otherwise pressed charges or complaints against each other. Police
are not aware of any witnesses to the Fight.15 There has been no indication from the Police
that they propose to pursue the Fight any further.16

[31] Mr Newton suffered several injuries as a result of the Fight, being:

(a) a laceration wound and bruising to the back of his head, which was likely
caused by him hitting the back of his head on the ground, when he stumbled and fell
backwards onto his buttocks, and then fell further backwoods (due to momentum)
hitting his head on the concrete pavement/driveway;

(b) a split lip;

11 Transcript, 4 February 2020, PN733.
12 There is no evidence in these proceedings as to the exact nature and extent of this private

arrangement between the TWU and Toll.
13 Although I note that the TWU paid for Mr Newton’s dinner, as well as some other TWU

Toll delegates, at the Hotel restaurant on 30 May 2019: Exhibit R4, p.16 (point 0.9 of
page) of Annexure PN-1. This appears to be a payment made or authorised by the TWU
Organiser (Mr Grant Roger) himself (i.e. as opposed to the TWU organising the dinner as
part of or in connection with the TWU meetings).

14 Albeit, Mr Paul Newton gave evidence that he witnessed, from the window of his Hotel
room, Mr Chambers sitting on Mr Chambers and striking him once to the face (Exhibit
R4).

15 Exhibit R-8, Annexure RL-6.
16 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-6, p.18.

[2020] FWC 5960

(d) bruising to his lower right eyelid.17

[32] WorkCover medical certificates were also produced in respect of Mr Newton,
referring to temporary post-concussion dysfunction.18 This condition was diagnosed on 6
June 2019 (i.e. seven days after the Fight took place).19

[33] Mr Newton immediately commenced a period of personal “sick” leave the day
following the Fight.20 That same day, a medical examination of Mr Newton identified, at that
time, that he was not concussed as a result of the Fight.21 This is despite Mr Newton asserting
that he had lost consciousness or blacked-out during the Fight (at around 10.25pm on 30 May
2019) as a result of Mr Chambers striking him from behind.

[34] Mr Chambers suffered a small cut to his left hand, which occurred when he fell and
cut that hand on broken glass during the Fight, being glass from the beer bottle that smashed
on the ground immediately prior to him falling.

[35] Four persons came to render assistance to Mr Newton when the Fight concluded or
shortly thereafter. Those persons were:

(a) Mr Paul Newton (Toll TWU NSW delegate (Owner Driver and Toll Contract
Carrier, based at Banksmeadow), no relation to Mr Stephen Newton);22

(b) Ms Margaret Harvey (Toll TWU NSW delegate);

(d) Mr Guillaume Maze (Toll TWU NSW delegate).23

[36] None of these individuals witnessed the Fight, although Mr Paul Newton states that he
witnessed Mr Chambers sitting on top of Mr Newton and striking him once in the face. Mr
Paul Newton says he made this observation from the window of his Hotel room, which looked
down upon part of the Hotel driveway (albeit this view was partly obstructed by a structural
pole).

[37] The Applicants were stood down from work with pay pending an investigation into the
Fight. Mr Chambers was stood down on 31 May 2019. Mr Newton was stood down on 12

17 Exhibit N4, Annexure SN-09; Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-9. Whilst Mr Newton asserts he

had a broken nose (Exhibit N3, at [33]), there is no medical evidence to this effect (Exhibit
N4, Annexure SN-09).

18 Exhibit N4, Annexure SN-10 and SN-12.
19 Exhibit N4, Annexure SN-09.
20 Exhibit R7, at [36]-[37]; Exhibit N4, Annexures SN-09 and SN-10.
21 Transcript, 4 February 2020, PN493.
22 Exhibit R4 – no relation to Mr Stephen Newton, p.2 of Exhibit R4 (halfway down first

page of record of interview on 12 June 2019).
23 Those who were staying at the Hotel on 30 May 2019 were Grant Hosking (Linehaul

Driver and Toll TWU delegate), Mr Paul Newton, Mr Stephen Newton, Mr Wayne
Chambers, and Ms Margaret Harvey: Exhibit N7, p.17 (email from Jason Le Busque, 31
May 2019 (3.54pm).

[2020] FWC 5960

June 2019.24 Mr Newton was stood down later than Mr Chambers because Toll management
initially believed, based upon statements made to them by Mr Newton, that Mr Chambers had
been the sole antagonist of the Fight, had likely glassed Mr Newton, and/or had essentially set
upon Mr Newton for no apparent reason (i.e. Mr Chambers allegedly “king hit” or “coward
punched” Mr Newton).25

[38] Investigation interviews were held with Mr Newton, Mr Chambers, and other relevant
persons,26 pursuant to which a detailed Investigation Report of the Fight was produced to
Toll.27

[39] The Applicants were issued with “Show Cause” letters,28 and attended disciplinary
Show Cause interviews with Toll management representatives (where they verbally
responded to the allegations made against them).29 Both Mr Newton and Mr Chambers also
provided written responses to the Show Cause letters.30

[40] On 23 August 2019, Mr Chambers and Mr Newton were issued termination letters, in
which Toll gave notice to Mr Chambers and Mr Newton that they were each dismissed with
immediate effect for reasons of serious misconduct.31

[41] The Applicants were each paid five weeks’ in lieu of notice (despite their terminations
being for reasons of purported “serious misconduct”).

Investigation Report regarding the Fight

[42] The Fight was investigated by Mr Raymond Lambie (Group Security Manager, Toll
Group). During the investigation, Mr Lambie became aware that Mr Newton had also been
involved in the Verbal Altercation.

[43] Mr Lambie produced an Investigation Report dated 7 July 2019, in which he made
certain findings of fact, provided observations, and made some conclusions and
recommendations.32

[44] In summary, the Investigation Report made the following findings, observations
and/or recommendations:

(a) There appears to be a factional split between TWU delegates, concerning two
politically aligned camps of delegates. This made evidence for the investigation
difficult to gather and assess, especially where there were no independent witnesses to

24 Exhibit C1, Email from Paul Smith, 31 May 2019 (1.26PM) confirming stand-down of Mr

Chambers. Exhibit R7, paragraphs [37]-[38], Annexure MR-14.
25 Exhibit N7, pp.19-20, email from Michael Rugendyke, 31 May 2019 (12.03pm). Exhibit

R9, p.2 of Investigation Report.
26 Exhibit C1, Annexure WC5; Exhibit N3, paragraph [40].
27 Exhibit C1, Annexure WC14; Exhibit R9.
28 Exhibit C1, Annexure WC6; Exhibit N3, paragraph [42].
29 Exhibit C1, Annexure WC7.
30 Exhibit C1, Annexure WC8; Exhibit N3, paragraph [43].
31 Exhibit C1, Annexure WC9; Exhibit N3, paragraph [44].
32 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-25 (see also Exhibit R9).

[2020] FWC 5960

the Fight. “Information provided by a [unidentified] “union” source has identified that
they are aware of the poisonous Machiavellian nature of the power struggle within the
Toll delegate cohort”.

(b) There is some corroborative information that Mr Newton was a willing
participant in the Fight at some point in time. Tellingly, Mr Newton’s claim that he
removed his jumper shortly prior to the Fight in preparation to go to bed is
inconsistent with the fact that Mr Newton wore his jumper for most of the evening
inside the warm air-conditioned Hotel (noting that the air temperature outside the
Hotel was around 10 degrees Celsius at the time of the Fight). Mr Newton taking his
jumper off shortly prior to the Fight is more consistent with Mr Chamber’s version of
events (i.e. that Mr Newton removed his jumper in preparation to challenge Mr
Chambers to a fight).

(c) Some of Mr Newton’s responses provided by him at the second investigation
interview identify that Mr Chambers version of events concerning the Fight cannot be
discounted.

(d) Mr Newton “as the perceived victim in [the Fight]” declined to pursue criminal
charges against Mr Chambers, “where he would be required to provide sworn
evidence in any proceedings”.

(e) Mr Chambers assaulted Mr Newton. That assault “cannot be considered
defensive’”. Mr Chambers engaged in serious misconduct, and it was recommended
that he be dismissed. Any allegation that Mr Chambers “glassed” Mr Newtown as
part of, or during, the Fight is specially rejected.

(f) Mr Newton engaged in serious misconduct in respect of his role in the Fight,
and in respect of his behaviour and conduct at the TWU Parramatta Conference
(Verbal Altercation), and it is recommended that he be dismissed. In saying this, I
note that the Investigation Report refers to the conduct of Mr Newton at the TWU
Parramatta Conference, but makes no formal findings of fact or conclusions in relation
to that conduct (I have worked on the basis that Mr Mitchell’s version of the
altercation between himself and Mr Newton on 9 April 2019 was essentially accepted
in the Investigation Report, and was equally accepted by Toll management in making
their decision to dismiss Mr Newton).33

[45] I note that the Investigation Report contains various records of interview from other
persons or employees of Toll. For the purpose of this decision, I do not treat such records of
interview as evidence for the purposes of making findings in this decision. The content of
these records of interview are littered with hearsay, opinion and conclusion. Mr Paul Newton
was called by Toll as a witness in these proceedings, and verified his record of interview
during the investigation.34 However, much of his evidence is hearsay, opinion and/or
inconsistent with the timeline of events.35 He states that Mr Chambers was giving him a

33 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-22.
34 Exhibit R4.
35 See, for example, Exhibit R4, p.26 (p.25 of record of interview, at point 0.8 of page).

[2020] FWC 5960

blank stare (or ‘stink eye’) in the restaurant area prior to the Fight,36 and appears to infer that
somehow the Fight was or might have been premediated by Mr Chambers. I cannot accept
Mr Paul Newton’s evidence as reliable, or at least to the extent that I might make any findings
in this decision upon such evidence.

Toll’s decision to terminate the Applicants

[46] The decision to dismiss Mr Newton was made by Mr Michael Rugendyke (Toll
General Manager NSW/ACT Express Parcels).37 The decision to dismiss Mr Chambers was
made by Mr Paul Smith (Toll General Manager Operations).38 Mr Michael Byrne (Toll,
Managing Director) strongly concurred with the decision to terminate the Applicants.39

[47] Each of the decisions to terminate Mr Newton and Mr Chambers were based upon:

(a) the dismissal recommendations contained in the Investigation Report;

(b) the view that the Applicants had engaged in serious misconduct;

(c) the view that the Applicants were both being less than candid in their
interviews and statements concerning the Fight (i.e. as to what happened to start the
Fight, what was said in the lead up to the Fight, and what occurred during the Fight);

(d) the fact that the outcome of the Fight could have been much worse for all
involved (i.e. Mr Newton stumbled and fell during the Fight and hit the back of his
head on concrete, which may have resulted in permanent brain injury, or death); and

(e) the need for cultural and behavioural change in the organisation (i.e. fighting
behaviour cannot be tolerated, or be seen to be tolerated, by Toll).

[48] The decision to terminate Mr Newton was also based upon the view that he had
engaged in inappropriate, aggressive and threatening behaviour towards Mr Mitchell at the
TWU Parramatta Conference on 9 April 2019.40

The Fight on 30 May 2019 between Mr Newton and Mr Chambers

36 Exhibit R4, p.17 (p.16 of record of interview); Exhibit R9, first page, last line of second

last paragraph on that page. By way of example, Mr Paul Newton says that when he first
saw Mr Stephen Newton on the driveway of the Hotel, Mr Stephen Newton had his jumper
off, was having a smoke, and chatting to Mr Chambers (this was prior to the Fight, when
Mr Stephen Newton and Mr Chambers were having initial discussions). On Mr Stephen
Newton’s own evidence, he took his jumper off to go to bed (when discussions had ended
with Mr Chambers). On Mr Chambers’ evidence, Mr Newton’s jumper was taken off
immediately prior to him taking up a boxing stance. Mr Paul Newton’s evidence as to
timeline and sequence of events is not consistent with either Mr Stephen Newton or Mr
Chambers.

37 Exhibit R7, paragraphs [43]-[45]; [53]-[56].
38 Exhibit R5, paragraphs [34]-[36], [38], [50] (dot point 3).
39 Exhibit N3, Annexures SN-03.
40 Toll’s Final Submissions, Newton, 27 April 2020, at [4.2].

[2020] FWC 5960

[49] Both Mr Newton and Mr Chambers gave conflicting evidence as to who provoked or
started the Fight, and what occurred during the Fight. As previously stated, there were no
other witnesses to the Fight.

[50] Having considered the witness statements of Mr Chambers and Mr Newton, their
answers in cross-examination,41 and observed each of the Applicants giving evidence during
the hearing, I strongly prefer the evidence of Mr Chambers in relation to the Fight. Mr
Chambers provided direct and responsive answers during cross-examination, and made
concessions contrary to his own interests (e.g. as to the applications of Toll’s Code, standards
and policies, outside of the workplace). I have not found any significant inconsistencies
between the answers he provided to Toll during its investigations, and the answers he
provided in cross-examination. His body language was open, and he did not flinch when
answering cross-examination questions. He appeared to me to be genuine in his efforts to
answer the actual questions that were put to him.

[51] In my view, much of Mr Newton’s evidence as to the Fight was either self-serving or
implausible, in that many of his answers, and his demeanour when providing such answers,
gave me the impression that he was attempting to either:

(a) shift blame or responsibility for his role in the Fight;

(b) cast Mr Chambers as the antagonist of the Fight, without proper regard to, or
honest account of, his own actions;

(d) diminish the overall seriousness of the Fight; and/or

(e) muddy the waters as to the facts to attempt to create an outcome on the
evidence where positive findings of fact contrary to Mr Newton’s interests are unable
to be made.

[52] Mr Newton’s evidence before the Commission was, in my view, merely a continuation
of the same behaviours exhibited by Mr Newton immediately post the Fight, whereby he:

(a) initially and falsely asserted to Toll and other employees that he had been, or
might likely have been, “glassed” by Mr Chambers during the Fight;

(b) had totally lost consciousness or “blacked-out” during the Fight;42 and/or

(c) had been “beaten up” (or “king hit” or “coward punched”, as it is otherwise
known) by Mr Chambers for no apparent reason.43

41 Transcript PN734 to PN898; PN1135 to 1141; PN1229 to PN1234; PN1260 to PN1355;

PN1838 to 2207; PN2431 to PN2656.
42 Mr Chambers’ clear evidence is that at no time did Mr Newton lose consciousness or black-

out during the Fight. The medical evidence is that Mr Newton was not suffering from
concussion the day after the Fight (Transcript PN493).

43 Exhibit R9; compare Exhibit C2, at [3.5] and [3.9].

[2020] FWC 5960

[53] Mr Newton’s foregoing assertions against Mr Chambers are, in my view, sinister
conduct that can never be justified. I infer that a core purpose for Mr Newton in making such
false assertions against Mr Chambers was not only to attempt to save his job by impugning
and damaging the character and reputation of Mr Chambers with Toll, and within the Toll
workforce, but to also suggest to other colleagues that whilst Mr Newton had “lost” the Fight,
it was never a “fair” fight to begin with.44

[54] In making the foregoing observations and conclusions in paragraphs [50] to [53]
above, I also note, concur with, and rely upon, the summary (and portrayal) of Mr Newton’s
evidence as contained in Toll’s closing submissions.45

[55] Having regard to the evidence before me, my findings in relation to the Fight between
Mr Chambers and Mr Newton are as follows:

(a) The Applicants stepped outside the Hotel foyer/reception and bar/restaurant
area, to the Hotel driveway, for a private discussion. The Applicants’ reason for doing
so was to accommodate Mr Newton’s desire for a cigarette before he turned in for the
night. Mr Chambers carried his unfinished bottle of beer outside with him. There is
no suggestion on the evidence that Mr Chambers sought to entice or otherwise prompt
Mr Newton to leave the Hotel’s internal restaurant or foyer area in order to be with Mr
Newton in a secluded location. As I understand it, Mr Chambers is a non-smoker.

(b) The discussion between the Applicants on the Hotel driveway broadly
concerned work related and/or union delegate matters. One topic of discussion
concerned two different “yard agreements” that covered the linehaul section of Toll’s
business (and the perception that there are differing degrees of fairness between these
yard agreements in respect of the differential terms and conditions of employment
contained therein).

(c) The Applicants had been consuming alcoholic beverages over the course of the
afternoon (post 4.00pm) and evening. I am unable to ascertain on the evidence
whether, or to what extent, either of the Applicants were intoxicated. In my view,
little turns on this. The evidence simply reveals that the Applicants had each
consumed several alcoholic beverages, but neither were wholly inebriated, or
intoxicated to the extent that they were visibly incoherent or otherwise dysfunctional.
Toll does not suggest that the alcohol consumption by the Applicants was contrary to
Toll’s Drugs and Alcohol policy.

(d) During discussions with Mr Chambers, Mr Newton became agitated that the
purpose of Mr Chambers raising the different terms and conditions under the two yard
agreements was to consolidate the yard agreements, meaning that the terms and
conditions under the more beneficial yard agreement may be lost or reduced (as I
understand it, the more beneficial yard agreement applies to the work area or section
to which Mr Newton is the TWU delegate).

44 Transcript, 4 February 2020, PN770-PN786; PN794-PN795; PN836-PN898; PN908; See

also Exhibit R7, p.5, at [21]: “Oh I was set upon last night and I was attacked. It wasn’t a
regular fight. I was king hit.”

45 Toll’s Final Submissions, Newton, 27 April 2020, at [4.8] to [4.20].

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(e) Despite Mr Chambers attempting to placate Mr Newton that his purpose in
raising the yard agreement issue was to determine whether Mr Newton would be open
to endorsing or supporting the bringing of both of the yard agreements into line with
the more beneficial yard agreement, Mr Newton did not accept Mr Chambers
assurances in this regard. Instead, Mr Newton said to Mr Chambers, “Fuck you”. Mr
Chambers duly responded, “Fuck you too”.

(f) Shortly following the foregoing exchange, Mr Newton removed his jumper
and took a boxing stance, raising his fists, and openly challenged Mr Chambers to a
fist fight. He stated to Mr Chambers, “Come on, come on”, and pushed Mr Chambers
in the chest. Essentially, Mr Newton was now goading for a fight with Mr Chambers.

(g) Despite Mr Chambers stating to Mr Newton, “Are you for real?”, Mr Newton
again pushed Mr Chambers, and acted aggressively towards him.

(h) Shortly after this push Mr Chambers stated to Mr Newton, “You [are] fucking
for real”. At this point, Mr Newton set upon Mr Chambers, throwing punches wildly
at him. Mr Chambers bent down, placed his hands and forearms around his own head
to protect his face, and pulled his arms and elbows into his body to protect his ribs and
stomach. Mr Newton kept punching at Mr Chambers whilst Mr Chambers held this
position.

(i) At some point during the foray, Mr Chambers stepped back, and away from
Mr Newton. When he fully stood up, Mr Newton immediately came at him again. Mr
Chambers then threw one punch at Mr Newton with his right fist. The punch
connected with the side of Mr Newton’s face, and Mr Newton stumbled backwards,
fell onto the driveway on his buttocks, and then fell further backwards, hitting the back
of his head on the concrete driveway/pavement.

(j) Whilst lying on the pavement, Mr Newton stated to Mr Chambers, “If I get up,
I’m gonna kill ya, I’m gonna kill ya”. Standing over Mr Newton, Mr Chambers
replied, while looking down upon Mr Newton, “Don’t get up, don’t get up”.

(k) Mr Newton then attempted to get up. His head and shoulders were off the
ground, and he was thrashing his legs about in an aggressive manner. Mr Newton’s
legs became entangled into the legs of Mr Chambers, which caused Mr Chambers to
fall over. As Mr Chambers fell, he threw the beer bottle he was still holding in his left
hand to the side (to get it out of the way of his fall). The beer bottle broke on the
driveway, and glass scattered. Mr Chambers left hand landed on a piece of broken
glass, which cut his left hand open.

(l) At this point, Mr Newton again stated to Mr Chambers, “I’m gonna kill ya.
I’m gonna kill ya”.

(m) As both of the Applicants were now on the ground, and Mr Newton was still
attempting to get up in an aggressive manner and verbally threatening Mr Chambers,
Mr Chambers pushed Mr Newton back to the ground and stated, “Are you going to
stop? Are you going to stop?”. Mr Newton repeatedly replied, “I’m gonna kill ya”.

[2020] FWC 5960

(n) Mr Newton continued to make threatening statements whilst Mr Chambers
pinned him to the ground. Further, Mr Newton would not tire, and kept attempting to
move his arms around to hit Mr Chambers (again, repeatedly stating to Mr Chambers,
“I’m gonna kill ya”).

(o) In an attempt to quell Mr Newton’s on-going resistance and/or to get him to
cease his verbal and physical aggression, Mr Chambers again punched (or slapped, or
slap-punched) Mr Newton across the face.

(p) After this second contact or strike, Mr Newton immediately stated, “I’ll stop.
I’ll stop”, and ceased thrashing about. Mr Chambers then released Mr Newton and
walked back to the Hotel foyer. No one had to pull Mr Chambers off Mr Newton.
The fight ended upon Mr Newton making it clear that he was surrendering or giving
up.

[56] In making the foregoing findings as to what occurred during the Fight, I specifically
point out that:

(a) I reject Mr Newton’s evidence that he removed his jumper, shortly before the
commencement of the Fight, because he was going inside to his Hotel room to retire to
bed. Rather, I find that Mr Newton removed his jumper as a prelude to seeking to
have a physical altercation with Mr Chambers.46

(b) I reject Mr Newton’s evidence that Mr Chambers initiated or provoked the
Fight.47

(d) I reject Mr Newton’s preliminary assertions that Mr Chambers punched Mr
Newton for no reason, and/or that Mr Chambers “coward punched” or “king hit” Mr
Newton.49

(e) I reject Mr Newton’s preliminary assertions that Mr Chambers hit Mr Newton
with his beer bottle, or otherwise “glassed”, or attempted to “glass”, Mr Newton at any
point in time.50

46 Transcript, 4 February 2020, PN754; PN910; 5 February 2020, PN1139-PN1141; Exhibit

R8, Annexure RL-19, bottom of p.113 to top of p.114 (Transcript of interview with Paul
Newton): “A message came through what we [Stephen Newton, Paul Newton, Margaret
Harvey and Grant Roger] were going to do for dinner and that came from Grant Roger and
Margaret we were to meet in the Botanic Gardens [the Hotel Paul and Stephen Newton
were staying at (apart from Grant Roger)], rather than go out, cos it was cold, it wasn’t
pleasant”. See also Exhibit R4, p.26 (p.25 of record of interview): “RL: Cold night in
Melbourne?” PN: Freezing”.

47 Transcript, 4 February 2020, PN740-PN741; PN749; PN777; PN785-PN786; PN816;
PN836-PN898.

48 Transcript, 4 February 2020, PN740-PN741; PN 823.
49 Transcript, 4 February 2020, PN752; PN794; PN801; PN815; Exhibit N3, paragraph [32].
50 Transcript, 4 February 2020, PN908.

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(f) I reject Mr Newton’s evidence that he passed out, blacked-out, or otherwise
became unconscious at any point during the Fight.51

(g) I reject the assertion that Mr Chambers used excessive force against Mr
Newton in attempting to have Mr Newton cease his verbal threats and physical
aggression towards Mr Chambers.52

Mr Newton’s verbal altercation with Mr Mitchell at the TWU Parramatta Conference
on 9 April 2019

Facts not in contention

[57] In relation to the second reason relied upon by Toll to dismiss Mr Newton, the
following facts are not in dispute:

(a) Mr Newton attended the TWU Parramatta Conference on 9 April 2019 (being
held at a hotel in Parramatta, New South Wales) in his capacity as a Toll TWU
delegate whilst on paid Delegate’s Leave.

(b) Mr Robert Mitchell, another Toll TWU delegate was present, as were around
60 other Toll TWU delegates.

(c) Mr Mitchell stated to Mr William Brian (Toll Truck Driver, and TWU
delegate), that he (Mr Mitchell) considers Mr Newton to be a “dickhead”, “fuckwit”,
“spastic” or “retard” (I do not place any importance as to what term/s was used).53

(d) Mr Brian told Mr Newton that Mr Mitchell had called him (Mr Newton) a
“dickhead”.54

(e) Prior to the TWU Parramatta Conference commencing, Mr Newton confronted
Mr Mitchell about what he had said. This confrontation occurred in a large carpark
outside the hotel, where around 60 other Toll TWU delegates were gathering prior to
the delegates meeting. The confrontation lasted around one minute or so,55 and did not
escalate into any form of physical confrontation.

Facts in contention

[58] Mr Newton called evidence from Mr Mark Stevens (Retired Toll Trainer / Driver, and
former TWU delegate)56 and Mr Brian.57

51 Exhibit N3, at [32], Annexure SN-01 (Part G of Investigation Report), pp.12 of Exhibit

N3. See also Transcript PN493; Exhibit R7, Annexure MR-13; and Exhibit 8, Annexure
RL-13 (Ambulance not required). I do not equate post traumatic concussion diagnosed a
week after the Fight with concussion during the Fight (that was not diagnosed the day after
the Fight).

52 Chambers v Toll Transport Pty Ltd [2020] FWC 5819.
53 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.191-192 (pp.21-22 of the record of interview on 4 July

2019).
54 Transcript, 4 February 2020, PN403-PN405.
55 Transcript ,5 February 2020, PN1576.
56 Exhibit N1.

[2020] FWC 5960

[59] Relevantly, both of these witnesses gave evidence that:

(a) Mr Newton did not become “pissed off”, angry or agitated about the comments
made by Mr Mitchell about him;

(b) Mr Newton’s and Mr Mitchell’s discussion concerning the comments was brief
and “unheated”; and

[60] Mr Newton acknowledges that he removed his teeth shortly prior to speaking with Mr
Mitchell, but says that he did so because he had abscesses on his gums (at that time) and
found it difficult to talk with his teeth in his mouth.58 He says that he removed his teeth, and
placed them in a handkerchief, when he was sitting at a table prior to approaching and talking
to Mr Mitchell. Mr Newton is adamant that he did not remove his teeth in the presence of Mr
Mitchell, or as he walked towards or otherwise approached Mr Mitchell in preparation for a
potential physical altercation with Mr Mitchell.59

[61] Contrary to the evidence of Mr Stevens and Mr Brian, Mr Newton acknowledged that
he was “pissed off” about the things that Mr Mitchell had been saying to him, and that the
discussion with Mr Mitchell was heated:

MR RAUF: Right. What I want to put to you is whether you agree with - he
describes it as a face to face heated discussion. What do you say about that
description?

MR NEWTON: Yes. Yes. It's not far off.60

…

MR RAUF: … So, understandably you were pissed off because from your
perspective you have been serving the interests of the employees over many years and
you didn’t appreciate that there might be some junior delegate out there, calling you a
dickhead, spastic retard?

MR NEWTON: Yes, I was.61

[62] Given that neither Mr Stevens nor Mr Brian noticed that Mr Newton had removed his
teeth, and that their evidence is contrary to Mr Newtons (i.e. that Mr Newton was not pissed
off, and the discussion between Mr Newton and Mr Mitchell was not heated62), I do not rely
upon the evidence of Mr Stevens or Mr Brian in relation to the ‘conduct’ of Mr Newton
towards Mr Mitchell on 9 April 2019.

57 Exhibit N2.
58 Transcript ,5 February 2020, PN1186.
59 Transcript ,5 February 2020, PN1187.
60 Transcript ,5 February 2020, PN1202.
61 Transcript ,5 February 2020, PN1206, see also PN1199-PN1203 and PN1231.
62 Compare, Transcript ,5 February 2020, PN1208.

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[63] Mr Mitchell gave evidence by telephone. Mr Gibian of Senior Counsel cross-
examined Mr Mitchell as to whether Mr Newton had referred to a fence or a wall in their
heated exchange, and whether the carpark actually contained a garden, a fence or a wall (and
how high the wall was). This cross-examination appeared to me to test Mr Mitchell’s credit,
and/or his recollection of the verbal confrontation with Mr Newton, including as to the words
exchanged during that confrontation.

[64] Although Mr Mitchell gave evidence via telephone, having heard that evidence
myself, I prefer his evidence to that of Mr Newton concerning the Verbal Altercation that
occurred between them on 9 April 2019. Again, Mr Newton’s evidence did not come across
to me as genuine (i.e. observing him in the witness box in relation to his answers to questions
about the Verbal Altercation with Mr Mitchell).

[65] Mr Mitchell’s evidence was consistent with the statements made by him to Mr
Lambie, as part of the investigation process, and he was repeatedly resolute in confirming the
same evidence before the Commission.63 My assessment is that Mr Mitchell gave “no
nonsense”, straightforward, and candid answers to the questions that were put to him.64
Further, I do not accept that Mr Mitchell had any grievance or particular axe to grind in
relation to Mr Newton or Toll in these proceedings.65 Indeed, he made no complaint about
the confrontation with Mr Newton at the time. Mr Mitchell’s evidence was also consistent
with the evidence adduced during the cross-examination of Mr Newton (i.e. that Mr Newton
was pissed off, and that the discussion was heated).

Findings

[66] Having regard to the evidence before me, in respect of the disputed facts between the
parties, my findings in relation to the Verbal Altercation are as follows:

(a) Mr Newton was annoyed (i.e. “pissed off”) that Mr Mitchell had been calling
him a “dickhead” or “retard” behind his back;

(b) Mr Newton approached Mr Mitchell to talk to him about the name-calling;

(c) during those discussions, Mr Newton pushed Mr Mitchell in the chest and
challenged Mr Mitchell to step away from the group of gathered delegates to privately
discuss the name calling. Inherent in this challenge was the intimation that the name
calling could be resolved by way of physical altercation. Shortly before or
immediately after that challenge was made, in an effort to intimidate Mr Mitchell and
make it clear that he was willing to get physical, Mr Newton removed his false teeth;66

and

63 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-22, pp.161-166, and 169 (pp.4-9, and 12 of interview transcript);

Transcript, 5 February 2020, PN1472-PN1581.
64 Although Mr Gibian SC sought to make a collateral attack upon Mr Mitchell’s character

(and credit) on the basis that Mr Mitchell had entered into a Deed of Release with Toll
concerning the cessation of his employment, I give no weight to such attack (it is not
supported by tangible evidence).

65 Transcript PN1175 (Mr Newton did not even know Mr Mitchell).
66 Transcript PN1588-PN1589 (“It was a weird thing”); Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-21, p.161

(point 0.7 of record of interview with Mr Mitchell on 19 June 2019)

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(d) as quickly as the situation escalated, it de-escalated, lasting only around one
minute. No further confrontation on the matter occurred.

[67] In making the foregoing findings, I reject Mr Newton’s evidence that he removed his
false teeth and placed them in a handkerchief prior to confronting Mr Mitchell (and away
from or out of the sight of Mr Mitchell). Further, even if Mr Newton’s false teeth were
causing him discomfort, my view on the evidence is that Mr Newton removed his false teeth
in the presence of Mr Mitchell, shortly prior to or just after he pushed Mr Mitchell in the
chest, for the primary purpose of intimidating Mr Mitchell.67 Indeed, at the very least, Mr
Newton himself considered that in confronting Mr Mitchell, there was the potential for Mr
Mitchell to “take a swing at him”, and in those circumstances Mr Newton “wasn’t going to
pay out another $2,000 to get me [sic] teeth”. In other words, even on Mr Newton’s own
evidence, the reason he removed his false teeth prior to confronting Mr Mitchell was because
he had considered the potential for a physical altercation to evolve from his confrontation
with Mr Mitchell.68

[68] I equally reject Mr Newton’s evidence that he did not in any way act aggressively
towards, or seek to intimidate, Mr Mitchell during the Verbal Altercation.69

Relevant law

[69] Section 385 of the Act qualifies a claim for unfair dismissal:

“385 What is an unfair dismissal

A person has been unfairly dismissed if the FWC is satisfied that:

(a) the person has been dismissed; and

(b) the dismissal was harsh, unjust or unreasonable; and

(d) the dismissal was not a case of genuine redundancy.

Note: For the definition of consistent with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code:
see section 388”.

[70] The parties are not in dispute that Mr Newton was “dismissed” on 23 August 2019
within the meaning of ss.385(a) and 386 of the Act. Sections 385(c) or (d) of the Act are not

67 Transcript, PN1209.
68 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.191 (point 0.4 of p.21 of the record of interview on 4 July

2019). Compare Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, pp.183-184 (pp.13-14 of the record of
interview on 4 July 2019).

69 Transcript, PN1203, compare PN1222.

[2020] FWC 5960

enlivened in this matter. Hence, the only question before me to determine is whether the Mr
Newton’s dismissal was “hash, unjust, or unreasonable”.70

[71] Section 387 of the Act provides what matters must be considered in determining
whether a dismissal was harsh, unjust or unreasonable:

“387 Criteria for considering harshness etc.

In considering whether it is satisfied that a dismissal was harsh, unjust or
unreasonable, the FWC must take into account:

(a) whether there was a valid reason for the dismissal related to the
person’s capacity or conduct (including its effect on the safety and welfare of
other employees); and

(b) whether the person was notified of that reason; and

(c) whether the person was given an opportunity to respond to any reason
related to the capacity or conduct of the person; and

(d) any unreasonable refusal by the employer to allow the person to have a
support person present to assist at any discussions relating to dismissal; and

(e) if the dismissal related to unsatisfactory performance by the person—
whether the person had been warned about that unsatisfactory performance
before the dismissal; and

(f) the degree to which the size of the employer’s enterprise would be
likely to impact on the procedures followed in effecting the dismissal; and

(g) the degree to which the absence of dedicated human resource
management specialists or expertise in the enterprise would be likely to impact
on the procedures followed in effecting the dismissal; and

(h) any other matters that the FWC considers relevant”.

I turn to consider these factors.

Was there a valid reason for the dismissal related to Mr Newton’s capacity or conduct?

General principles

[72] In order to be a valid reason, the reason for the dismissal should be “sound, defensible
or well founded”, and should not be “capricious, fanciful, spiteful or prejudiced”.71 Further,
the Commission will not stand in the shoes of an employer and determine what the
Commission would do if it was in the position of the employer.72

70 c.f. ss.385(b) and 387 of the Act.
71 Selvachandran v Peteron Plastics Pty Ltd [1995] IRCA 333; (2000) IR 371 at 373.
72 Walton v Mermaid Dry Cleaners Pty Ltd (1996) 142 ALR 681 at 685.

[2020] FWC 5960

[73] There is no mandate for giving the ‘valid reason’ criterion any greater emphasis or
weight than any of the other criteria in s.387. That said, relevant weight is a matter for the
relevant decision-maker.

[74] It is well settled that a statutory requirement to ‘have regard to’ or ‘take into account’
requires the Commission to give a matter(s) weight as a fundamental element in the decision
making process. Even if it is found that there was a valid reason for the dismissal, an overall
assessment must be made as to whether the dismissal was harsh, unjust or unreasonable.73
However, as Kitto J noted in Rathborne v Abel74:

“In the third place, plainly the provision that the listed matters are to be regarded does
not imply that nothing else may be regarded. So this Court said in Owen v. Woolworths
Properties Ltd (1956) 96 CLR 154, at 160; and indeed to hold otherwise would be to
alter and not to construe the words of parliament.

Finally, to require that regard be had to a particular matter in making a discretionary
judgment is not to require that that matter shall be allowed an actual influence upon
the ultimate result. The matter is to be considered for such bearing as it may have upon
the question to be decided, and it is to be allowed such weight (if any) as the tribunal
thinks it ought to be given; but if the tribunal thinks it ought to have no weight, then
no weight is required to be given to it: cf. Beresford v. Ward [1961] YR 632, at 634”.75

(my emphasis)

[75] Where a dismissal relates to an employee’s conduct, the reason for dismissal might be
valid because the conduct occurred and justified termination. The reason might not be valid
because the conduct did not occur, or it did occur, but did not justify termination.76 The
question of whether alleged conduct took place, and what it involved, is to be determined by
the Commission on the basis of the evidence in the proceedings before it (on the balance of
probabilities).77

[76] Further, to constitute a valid reason for dismissal, the Commission must assess
whether the conduct was of sufficient gravity or seriousness such as to justify dismissal as a
sound, defensible or well-founded response to the conduct. In finding that there was a valid
reason for dismissal, the Commission is not limited to the reason relied on by the employer.78

[77] As to an employer’s workplace investigation, it has been observed that employers are
not required to have the investigative skills of police or legal investigators, but are expected to
take reasonable steps to investigate allegations, and give employees an opportunity to

73 Murdoch University v Mainsbridge (1998) 84 IR 111.
74 Rathborne v Abel (1964) 38 ALJR 293.
75 Ibid, at 301.
76 Edwards v Justice Giudice (1999) 94 FCR 561; (1999) 169 ALR 89; [1999] FCA 1836 at

[7].
77 King v Freshmore (Vic) Pty Ltd Print S4213 [2000] AIRC 1019 at [23] to [24].
78 Bista v Glad Group Pty Ltd [2016] FWC 3009. Note also my observations in Mark Barlett

v Ingleburn Bus Services [2020] FWC 2914, at [20]-[22].

[2020] FWC 5960

respond. Further, the Commission is required to be satisfied that the conduct occurred (i.e. it
is not a question of an employer’s reasonable belief).79

[78] Where the conduct in question concerns fighting, the attitude of the Commission
(generally) will tend to be that, in the absence of extenuating circumstances, a dismissal for
fighting will not be viewed as harsh, unjust or unreasonable. The extenuating circumstances
may, and often do, concern the circumstances in which a fight occurred, as well as other
considerations, such as the length of service of the employee, including their work record, and
whether he or she was in a supervisory position. As to the circumstances of a fight, relevant
considerations include whether the dismissed employee was provoked, and whether he or she
was acting in self-defence.80

Relevant law as to valid reason founded on out of hours conduct

[79] In Rose v Telstra Corporation Limited (Rose),81 Vice President Ross (as his Honour
then was) identified the alternative circumstances in which “out of hours” conduct can
constitute a valid reason for dismissal:

“It is clear that in certain circumstances an employee’s employment may be validly
terminated because of out of hours conduct. But such circumstances are limited:

 viewed objectively, it is likely to cause serious damage to the relationship
between the employer and employee; or

 it damages the employer’s interests; or

 it is incompatible with the employee’s duty as an employee.

In essence the conduct complained of must be of such gravity or importance as to
indicate a rejection or repudiation of the employment contract by the employee.

Absent such considerations an employer has no right to control or regulate an
employee’s out of hours conduct”.82

[80] Rose has been cited and applied in many decisions of this Commission. Its facts
concerned a physical altercation in a private hotel room between two employees of Telstra.
Telstra arranged for Mr Rose to be in Armadale for work, and paid him an overnight
allowance. On the night the relevant incident occurred, the employees went to dinner after
work, and then a nightclub, where they consumed alcohol, before returning to a hotel room
later in the evening. It was in this hotel room where the physical altercation between the
employees occurred. During that fight, Mr Rose uncured a cut across the chest, that rendered
him unfit for work. At the time of the fight, neither employee was wearing clothing that

79 AWU-FIME v QLD Alumina Limited (1995) 62 IR 385 at 391, as referred to in Drake v

BHP Coal Pty Ltd; Bird v BHP Coal Pty Ltd [2019] FWC 7444 at [18].
80 WU-FIME v Queensland Alumina Limited (1995) 62 IR 385 at 391 (Moore J).
81 [1998] AIRC 1592.
82 Ibid. See also: Appeal by Dobson [2013] FWCFB 10037 at [20]; Hughes v Momentum

Wealth Pty Ltd [2017] FWCFB 759 at [20]; Gosek v Illawarra Coal Holdings Pty Limited
2 [2017] FWC 4574, Keenan v Boral Amey NSW Pty Ltd [2015] FWC 3156.

[2020] FWC 5960

identified them as Telstra employees, nor were they “on call” (albeit Mr Rose was due to
commence work the following day). Mr Rose was terminated for his involvement in the
fight. However, it was found that Mr Rose’s involvement in the fight lacked the required
connection with his employment with Telstra (even though he was being paid a living away
from home allowance per day). Further, there was no evidence to support the conclusion that
Mr Rose’s conduct tarnished the public reputation of Telstra. In the absence of a valid reason,
Vice President Ross found the dismissal of Mr Rose to be unfair.

[81] The facts and reasoning in the case of Keenan v Leighton Boral Amey NSW Pty Ltd
(Keenan)83 also warrant elucidation. An employee had attended a Christmas function
organised by his employer, during which he became heavily intoxicated. Later in the evening,
and following the conclusion of Christmas function, the employee and his colleagues
relocated to another venue. From that time onwards, the employee engaged in several oafish,
boorish acts, including the use of offensive language, attempting to inappropriately touch a
female colleague, and kiss another female colleague without her consent.

[82] The employer terminated the employee for this conduct, arguing that such behavior
would fall afoul of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (SDA). As the employer could be
vicariously liable for that behavior, the employer submitted that such a connection gave rise to
a valid reason for dismissal. However, Vice President Hatcher disagreed with that position,
and reasoned as follows:

“I do not consider that conduct … can be said to be in connection with Mr Keenan’s
employment. The social interaction which occurred there was not in any sense
organised, authorised, proposed or induced by [the employer]. Those who gathered
there did so entirely of their own volition. It was in a public place. There was nothing
in [the employer]’s Code of Conduct or relevant policies which suggested that they
had any application to social activities of this nature … the conduct in the upstairs bar
was merely incidental to [the employee’s] employment.

It follows from that conclusion that [the employee’s] sexually harassing behavior …
was not rendered unlawful by s.28B of the [SDA], and it was not conduct for which
[the employer] was vicariously liable. It cannot for that reason constitute a valid
reason for dismissal, even though that conduct, as I have found, fell within the
statutory definition of sexual harassment.1

Leaving aside the application of the [SDA], I do not consider that what occurred at the
upstairs bar constituted conduct within the scope of [the employee’s] employment
which could legitimately constitute a valid reason for dismissal in accordance with the
principles stated in Rose v Telstra … [I]t was conduct which occurred in essentially a
private social setting, albeit involving persons sharing a common employer who had
just attended an official Christmas function, it was not conduct which could be
regarded as indicative of a rejection or repudiation of Mr Keenan’s employment
contract”.84

83 [2015] FWC 3156.
84 Ibid at [101] to [103].

[2020] FWC 5960

[83] A contrasting case to Keenan is Drake v BHP Coal Pty Ltd; Bird v BHP Coal Pty Ltd
(Drake; Bird v BHP),85 which Toll seeks to rely upon. Again, the factual circumstances
warrant consideration. Two employees were terminated because they had been involved in a
physical alteration at a Christmas function organised, in part, by their employer. Despite the
employees’ position that they were under the belief that the event had been privately
organised by their colleague, the employer contributed to the purchase of food and alcohol,
and otherwise sanctioned the event.

[84] In these circumstances, Deputy President Ashbury found that there was a sufficient
connection between the conduct of the employees and their employment, so much so as to
give rise to a valid reason for dismissal. The Deputy President reasoned:

“I am also of the view that the fact that 90 people including 60 employees of [the
employer] and their families were gathered in one venue with a common purpose of
celebrating Christmas, is sufficient to establish that the event was work related … If 30
– 40 employees of [the employer] were gathered in a venue for drinks, united by the
fact that they work in accordance with the same roster for the same company, and
some of those employees had an altercation with another employee of [the employer]
or a member of the public, those employees should not assume that their conduct will
be considered out of hours conduct that is not related to work and to which [the
employer’s] policies do not apply.

Where an employee physically assaults a work colleague in a public place in the
presence of other work colleagues, the assault may be conduct that is likely to cause
serious damage to the relationship between the employer and the employee. It may
also breach company policies or procedures … Other employees … should not be put
in a position where they witness an assault or are caught in the middle of it. … [I]t is
likely that where a large group of its employees gather in a public venue and consume
alcohol and some of that group have a physical altercation, that [the employer’s]
interests will be damaged. The likelihood of such damage increases where there are
members of the public who are not employed by [the employer] who are present at the
relevant time”.

Mr Newton’s submissions

[85] In summary, Mr Newton made the following submissions regarding s.387(a) of the
Act:

(a) Applicant not guilty of misconduct as alleged: In the present matter, the
Commission should determine that Mr Newton’s conduct in relation to the Fight
and/or the Verbal Altercation did not amount to a valid reason for dismissal. The
following factors overwhelmingly support this conclusion:

(i) The Fight and the Verbal Altercation occurred outside of the
workplace, and there is not a sufficient connection between the conduct and Mr
Newton’s employment relationship with Toll.

85 [2019] FWC 7444.

[2020] FWC 5960

(ii) In neither incident was Mr Newton the aggressor, nor did he ever
engage in any intimidating or threatening behaviour.

(iii) Mr Newton’s conduct in the Verbal Altercation was simply a non-
violent confrontation with a fellow colleague who had spoken offensive words
towards him, and Mr Newton denies saying the things he has been alleged as
saying.

(iv) Mr Newton’s role during the Fight was cursory, and the physical
interaction (push) instigated by himself was in retort to Mr Chamber’s
intruding into his personal space.

(b) Conduct was out of hours: There is no requirement for the Commission to
determine the facts of the Fight or the Verbal Altercation, as both incidents occurred
out of hours, and there is not a sufficient connection between such conduct and the
employment relationship to warrant a valid reason for dismissal. Referring to Rose, Mr
Newton says that even at its worst, the alleged conduct:

(i) when viewed objectively, was not likely to cause serious damage to the
relationship between Mr Newton and Toll;

(ii) the conduct has not damaged Toll’s interests, nor is it capable if
damaging Toll’s interests; and

(iii) the conduct is not incompatible with Mr Newton’s duty as an employee
to Toll.

(c) Allegations of serious misconduct not made out: Mr Newton has been
dismissed for reasons of serious misconduct. Even though Mr Newton’s termination
letter reads that “the business has decided to terminate your employment on the
grounds of misconduct” (emphasis added), thereby omitting the word ‘serious’, it is
submitted that the circumstances overwhelmingly indicate the dismissal was on the
grounds of serious misconduct. This is because:

(i) Mr Newton’s termination was “effective immediately”;

(ii) five weeks’ notice was only paid out to Mr Newton as a “gesture of
good faith”;

(iii) Toll’s Investigation Report recommended that Mr Newton’s
termination be on the grounds of ‘serious misconduct’;

(iv) the Show Cause Letter indicated that Mr Newton’s conduct “warrants
termination of [his] employment for serious misconduct”; and

(v) internal email correspondence within Toll demonstrates that Toll’s
members of management supported the findings of the Report that Mr Newton
engaged in serious misconduct.

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(d) On a proper characterisation of the facts, Mr Newton’s conduct did not make
the continuance of the employment relationship impossible.

Toll submissions

[86] Toll submits that Mr Newton’s involvement in the Fight, particularly when considered
in concert with the Verbal Altercation, constitute a valid reason for dismissal. The
Commission can be satisfied, on the basis of the admissions made by Mr Newton alone, that
he engaged in relevant misconduct and that, during the course of the investigation and
disciplinary process, he was less than forthcoming as to his involvement in the Fight.

[87] The evidence of Mr Newton during his cross-examination reveals more clearly Mr
Newton’s involvement in the Fight. His admissions, which were only forthcoming at the
hearing, are significant, and establish the serious nature of his misconduct. They also reveal
that:

(a) Mr Newton gave inconsistent versions as to his involvement in the Fight; and

(b) Mr Newton sought to downplay his involvement, thereby withholding
important information form Toll during the investigation and disciplinary processes.

[88] Mr Newton’s witness evidence paints a very clear picture of aggression on his part,
and resistance to the perceived challenges of Mr Chambers, and a belief that Mr Chambers
was acting upon the instructions of Mr Trevillian (another Toll TWU delegate). Indeed, there
was, in cross-examination, an acceptance that Mr Newton’s conduct and responses
contributed to the tension and escalation to the point of a physical altercation.

[89] In regard to the Verbal Altercation, and given Mr Newton’s evidence in cross-
examination as to the context of the discussion, and it being a face-to-face, heated discussion
in front of a crowd of other Toll TWU delegates, the Commission should not accept Mr
Newton’s attempt at explaining the event away in terms of Mr Mitchell being the aggressor or
provocateur, and Mr Newton being calm in dealing with the incident. Indeed, the other
statements relied upon by Mr Newton from Mr Brain and Mr Stevens indicate Mr Newton as
challenging, or posing a challenging question, to Mr Mitchell.

[90] Toll is entitled to take a strong stance in response to the misconduct that has occurred.
With the benefit of Mr Newton’s admissions, the Commission is better placed to find that
there was a valid reason for his dismissal. The admissions of Mr Newton during cross-
examination cannot be ignored, lightly cast aside, or otherwise overcome.

[91] Mr Newton was less than candid during the investigation and the disciplinary process
(as to his engagement during the Fight and the Verbal Altercation). Such a lack of candour
shown by Mr Newton is itself a sound, defensible and well-founded reason for termination of
his employment. In this regard, Toll relies upon the case of Telstra v Streeter.86 Mr Newton
needed to be candid and upfront with Toll during the investigation so that Toll could
determine and take appropriate remedial action. In relation to the Fight, it had occurred during
an interstate trip arranged by Toll; involved the police attending; involved allegations of
verbal threats and a physical altercation between two employees; impacted upon other

86 (2008) 170 IR 1

[2020] FWC 5960

employees who had to attend to the aftermath; and required Toll to undertake an investigation
which involved speaking to various employees and third parties. Mr Newton has been in a
number of important respects dishonest and misleading in his responses, both during the
investigation and in these proceedings. His lack of candour and/or prevarication mean that
Toll cannot be confident that Mr Newton will be candid with it into the future, particularly if
Mr Newton was involved in other conflict with, for example, another employee. This
conclusion is a valid reason alone for the termination of Mr Newton’s employment. Toll’s
concern as to Mr Newton’s future conduct is further heightened by the tokenistic remorse
expressed by him for his misconduct.87

[92] On the basis of the evidence before the Commission, and in the circumstances relating
to the Verbal Altercation and the Fight, the Commission ought to be readily satisfied that
there is a clear connection between, on the one hand, the incidents in question and, on the
other hand, the employment of Mr Newton. The following evidence is relevant:

(a) Mr Newton understood that he had to comply with the Toll Standard and Code
at all times whilst he was in Melbourne. That understanding is consistent with the
understanding expressed by other former Toll TWU delegates.

(b) It is also clear, on the express terms of the Toll Standard, that Toll’s
expectations as to behaviour apply both within and outside of the workplace. It is
unsurprising that this is the position given that, for the most part, Mr Newton drove
trucks outside of the Toll workplace, and spent his time on public roads and at the sites
of Toll’s customers.

(c) Mr Newton was attending the TWU meetings in Melbourne to discuss matters
to relating to the Toll workplace and was granted leave on 30 and 31 May 2019 to
attend such meetings. He was in Melbourne because he was an employee of Toll, and
an elected TWU delegate of other employees of Toll.

(d) The purpose of the meeting on 30 May 2019 (the day of the Fight) was to
discuss matters relating to the Toll workplace, including with Toll management.

(e) Mr Newton was paid for leave to attend the meetings in Melbourne in
accordance with cl.49.3(a) of the Agreement, and received penalties and other
entitlements as though he was rostered for work.

(f) Toll booked and paid for Mr Newton’s return flights from Sydney to
Melbourne, and his accommodation at the Hotel for the night of 30 May 2019.

(g) The Fight arose from a conversation concerning Toll. That is, the merging the
IPEC agreement with other Toll agreements.

(h) The Fight directly affected a number of Toll employees (and the relationship
that existed between various employees who work together at Toll), either because
they were staying at the Hotel at the time of the Fight, or because they had to
participate in the Investigation process that followed. Toll is re-considering its

87 Transcript, PN958.

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involvement in arranging Toll TWU delegates to stay at hotels booked and paid for by
Toll.

[93] Much of the above evidence is also relevant to the Verbal Altercation. Toll submits
that there was the requisite connection between the Verbal Altercation and Mr Newton’s
employment. In addition, the Verbal Altercation:

(a) involved attendance by Mr Newton and other employees, including Mr
Mitchell, at a meeting in accordance with the Agreement;

(b) members of Toll management attended the delegates meeting on 9 April 2019

(d) involved employees of Toll, and affected such employees upon them returning
to work.

[94] For the above reasons, the Commission should find that there was a sufficiently
relevant connection in respect of each of the incidents and Mr Newton’s employment,
justifying Toll’s intervention and decision to terminate Mr Newton’s employment based upon
his misconduct. Indeed, Mr Newton accepted that, in effect, he did not expect Toll to ignore
the Fight. The Fight, taking into account the admissions of Mr Newton, was likely to cause
serious damage to the employment relationship, and did damage Toll’s interests. In summary,
the conduct of Mr Newton was such that is incompatible with his duties as an employee of
Toll.

Mr Newton’s reply

[95] It is appropriate to address the submissions of Mr Newton in reply, by dealing first
with the out of hours conduct issue and then, in the alternative, dealing with the submissions
as to whether the alleged conduct of Mr Newton provided a valid reason for dismissal.

[96] In reply, Mr Newton submits that Toll purports to rely upon “all the circumstances” in
answering the question as to whether or not there is a relevant connection between the
conduct of Mr Newton and his employment. The difficulty with this position is that it then
relies upon a range of matters which are either irrelevant to the actual conduct complained of,
or which could not, on any view, establish such a connection. For example:

(a) In relation to the Fight, Toll says that a relevant connection arises because Mr
Newton was “attending at a meeting at which workplace issues would be discussed
with employees, union representatives and management representatives”, and that the
meetings in Melbourne were to “discuss matters to [sic] relating to the Toll
workplace”. Toll ignores that Mr Newton was not dismissed as a result of anything
that occurred at the meeting on 30 May 2019. Mr Newton was dismissed as a result of
conduct which occurred in his private time, many hours after the meeting had finished.

(b) Toll relies upon the fact that Mr Newton was granted leave on 30 and 31 May
2019 to attend the TWU Meetings and received payment “as though [he was] rostered
for work.” The same position is taken in respect to the Verbal Altercation. However,

[2020] FWC 5960

Toll appears to now acknowledge that the fact that an employee is on paid leave is not
sufficient to establish the requisite connection with employment. The fact that an
entitlement to leave arises from the Agreement does not distinguish Delegate’s Leave
from any other form of paid leave entitlement. ‘Leave’ is the antithesis of work.

(c) Prior to the hearing, Toll asserted that Mr Newton attended the TWU
Meetings, and the meeting at Parramatta on 9 April 2019, “as an employee of Toll” or
“because he was an employee of Toll”. This position elides the distinction between Mr
Newton’s employment with Toll, and his role as a TWU delegate. Mr Newton is a
truck driver. The duties of his employment did not involve attendance at TWU
Meetings, discussion of issues concerning Toll’s business, employees generally, or the
representation of other employees. Mr Newton attended the meeting as a TWU
delegate.

(d) Toll relies upon the subject matter of the discussion between Mr Newton and
Mr Chambers to assert that the Fight “arose from a conversation about Toll”. Again,
the submission is simplistic and misleading. The discussion related to issues
concerning the position the TWU should adopt in relation to Telematics technology,
the industrial instruments applying to Toll linehaul employees, and Mr Chamber’s
position as a union delegate. None of those issues related to the work of Mr Newton,
or his job with Toll.

(e) Toll relies upon its Workplace Behaviours Standard and Serious Misconduct
Policy without addressing the terms of either document. It does not assist to simply
quote the Workplace Behaviours Standard as extending the “workplace” to “company
organised social functions, or where the company has sanctioned attendance of
employees to attend social functions organised by external parties.” Toll does not
explain how that language could have any relevance to the Fight. The altercation
between Mr Newton and Mr Chambers did not occur at any “social function”, and
certainly not at any function attendance at which was sanctioned by Toll.

(f) Toll places considerable reliance upon what is asserted to be Mr Newton’s
“understanding” as to the application of the Workplace Behaviours Standard and Code
of Conduct. Toll again invites the Commission into error. The application of an
employer’s polices, and whether a relevant connection exists between the conduct of
an employee and his or her employment, cannot depend upon the subjective belief or
opinion of an employee. The task of the Commission is to interpret the employer’s
policies and make an objective assessment of whether relevant conduct has a sufficient
connection to employment.

(g) Toll suggests that the Fight “directly affected a number of Toll employees”
because such employees were staying at the same hotel, or were required to participate
in the investigation process. That is not an accurate reflection of the evidence. At
most, a small number of fellow TWU delegates assisted Mr Newton on the evening of
30 May 2019 in their own private time. The fact that Toll chose to interview some
employees as part of an investigation cannot thereby establish the requisite connection
to employment. Toll cannot create the connection by its own investigation. There was
no evidence that the Fight has affected Toll’s business, the workplace, or the
performance of work by employees at all. Toll’s submissions in this regard are without
merit.

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(h) Toll endeavours to sidestep the interference in freedom of association, which
would result from the acceptance of its submissions, by insisting that the case is
“focused on the circumstances of Mr Newton”. That ignores the consequences of such
a submission. Toll suggests that the requisite connection to employment is established
because Mr Newton was in Melbourne because of his employment with Toll,
discussed matters concerning Toll at a union meeting, and attended the meetings as a
union representative of employees of Toll. If that is correct, Toll would have the
capacity to supervise any conduct by a union official or delegate when undertaking
union business outside of their employment. Such interference in freedom of
association is supported by no authority and is inconsistent with the objects of the Act,
and the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009.

[97] Toll’s submissions encourage the Commission to accept that the conduct alleged
against Mr Newton had a sufficient connection to his employment based upon a misleading
account of the facts and by ignoring inconvenient aspects of the evidence, particularly the fact
that the conduct relied upon did not occur at the official TWU meetings on 9 April 2019 or 30
May 2019, but in what was unarguably Mr Newton’s private time. Toll’s submissions in this
regard must be rejected.

[98] Toll acknowledges that the approach in Rose should be applied in the present case. For
the reasons set out above, Toll’s submissions do not establish that the conduct of Mr Newton
in his private time was such that it seriously damaged the relationship between employer and
employee, caused any damage to Toll’s interests, or was otherwise incompatible with Mr
Newton’s duties to Toll.

[99] Toll endeavours to develop a submission that the decision of Keenan has no
application to the present matter. This is, no doubt, because Toll recognises that the decision
in Keenan is fatal to its submissions. Toll suggests, quite wrongly, that Keenan was concerned
solely with whether the relevant conduct constituted sexual harassment for the purposes of the
SDA. Keenan was an unfair dismissal case, and the issue was whether the conduct of Mr
Keenan following the work function was sufficiently connected to the employment to provide
a valid reason for dismissal for the purposes of s.387(a) of the Act. The question of whether
the conduct constituted sexual harassment arose because, on the approach in Rose, the
employer contended that the relevant conduct fell within the scope of legitimate employer
supervision (because it fell within s 28A of the SDA).

[100] In this matter, the connection between the employment and the conduct alleged against
Mr Newton is far more distant in that:

(a) the altercation occurred in a private social setting many hours after the
conclusion of the TWU meetings in Melbourne on 30 May 2019, and not at or even
following any event organised by Toll;

(b) Mr Newton was not in Melbourne as part of the duties of his employment with
Toll, but as a result of him being a TWU delegate and attending meetings organised by
the TWU (not Toll);

[2020] FWC 5960

(c) Mr Newton and Mr Chambers shared the same employer, but did not work at
the same location, interact at all in their employment, or have any relationship other
than through the TWU; and

(d) it could at most be said that the altercation would not have occurred but for Mr
Newton and Mr Chamber’s shared employer in the distant sense that both men were
delegates of the TWU at Toll.

[101] Toll relies upon the decision in Drake. That decision is obviously distinguishable. The
contrast to the present matter is stark. The altercation between Mr Newton and Mr Chambers
did not occur at any kind of function or event (much less a Toll function), the altercation
occurred as a result of an entirely private arrangement whereby Mr Chambers asked to speak
to Mr Newton, and no other persons were present or witnessed the altercation.

Consideration of the Fight

[102] I agree with and adopt the principles laid down in Rose. To that end, I must determine
whether the conduct complained of, in relation to the Fight itself, bears a sufficient connection
to Mr Newton’s employment with Toll, and whether the conduct complained vis the Fight is
to be considered of such gravity or importance as to indicate a rejection or repudiation of
continued employment by Mr Newton.

[103] In regard to the Fight, I have determined that it does not, in and of itself, bear a
sufficient connection to Mr Newton’s employment with Toll. The following factors have led
me to this conclusion:

(a) On 30 and 31 May 2019, the Applicants were on leave, and away from the Toll
workplace. They were neither at work nor on-call. Although they were on Delegates’
Leave, being paid leave provided for under the Agreement (and otherwise authorised
by Toll), this fact cannot directly, or by way of implication, in the circumstances of
this case, alter the ordinary position that ‘leave is leave’ (i.e. being time when an
employee is not ‘at work’). In this case, the Applicants were on leave in respect of
their roles as TWU delegates, attending upon meetings organised by the TWU and not
by Toll. They were selected by the TWU to attend such meetings,88 and were not
required or directed by Toll to attend such meetings or take Delegate’s Leave. Whilst
it is trite that a TWU delegate at Toll is also an employee of Toll, the fact that a TWU
delegate wears two hats at the same time does not mean that they must always wear
those hats together. Further, this is not a case where the Applicants were attending
TWU meetings at a Toll workplace, or before, during, or after a rostered shift. Nor is
this a case where the Applicants were attending an enterprise agreement negotiation,
or a disciplinary meeting as a representative or support person for another TWU
member. The TWU meetings were being conducted, once the Applicants were on
Delegate’s Leave, outside of the Applicants’ working hours.

(b) Further to (a), even if I am found to be wrong and the Applicants’ were at work
whilst on Delegate’s Leave, any assertion that the Applicants were at work, at its
highest, could only extend to the hours of the TWU meetings themselves (noting that
there was no work, union or social gathering (or alike) organised by the TWU or Toll

88 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-19 (bottom of p.120 of Exhibit R8).

[2020] FWC 5960

post the cessation of the TWU meetings on 30 or 31 May 2019). I am not aware of
any basis that I am able to find that post the cessation of the TWU Meetings, the
Applicants were other than on their own free time (being time that the Applicants were
neither in their capacity as an employee of Toll, or a Toll TWU delegate). Whatever
the Applicants got up to, or wanted to get up to, during their “free time”, was a matter
for them. Hence, even if it was accepted that the Applicants were at work up until the
conclusion of the TWU meetings at 4:00pm on 30 May 2019, there was an interval of
“free” or “personal” time between 4:00pm that day, and the recommencement of the
TWU Meetings at 8:00am the following day.89

(c) For completeness, I reject Toll’s submission that a sufficient connection to the
workplace was somehow enlivened because the Applicants were discussing work
related matters in the lead up to the Fight commencing. To adopt this line of
reasoning would be to fall into reductio ad absurdum. A simple rhetorical proposition
puts the argument to bed in short thrift: Would Toll always be willing to recognise a
sufficient connection to a person’s employment just because an employee discussed
work-related matters outside of rostered hours? The answer must surely be no.

(d) The fact that Toll paid for and/or organised the Applicants airfares, other
transportation, accommodation and meals, does not alter my findings in (a) to (c)
above. Toll did so, it appears, of its own volition. I have not been directed to any
term of the Agreement, or other policy document, that would require Toll to make
such payments or arrangements. Further, there is no evidence to suggest that the
Applicants would not have attended the TWU meetings anyway (i.e. had Toll not
agreed to pay for their airfares, other transportation, accommodation and meals). The
Applicants needed to get to Melbourne and the TWU offices in Port Melbourne, they
needed accommodation somewhere, and they needed to eat dinner. In the
circumstances of this case, whether such matters were arranged and/or paid for by
Toll, the TWU, or the Applicants themselves, is not, in my view, a factor that weighs
towards a finding that the Applicants were at work at the time of the Fight. In saying
this, it is important to clarify that whilst Toll paid for the Applicants’ dinners on 30
May 2019, it do not dictate or arrange where such dinners were to occur.

(e) Toll has submitted that the terms of the Agreement (in relation to TWU
delegates), and/or the terms of its policies and procedures, have been breached by the
Applicants as a result of the Fight. In relation to cl.49 of the Agreement, I do not
consider the Applicants breached its terms. Firstly, the Applicants did not engage in
the Fight during working time. Secondly, the Applicants were in their own “free time”
at the time they engaged in the Fight (i.e. neither of the Applicants, at the time of the
Fight, were in their capacity as an employee of Toll, or a Toll TWU delegate).
Thirdly, it follows that neither of the Applicants were performing any functions,
responsibilities or duties, by reference to the terms of the Agreement, when the Fight
occurred. I do not consider that a fair reading or construction of the terms of Toll’s
policies and procedures extends to, or encompasses, the regulation of an employee’s,
or TWU delegate’s, “free time”. Further, although I do not construct such policies
such a way, if they are to be constructed in such way, I do not consider them to be

89 Transcript, PN1812-1821, especially the premise in the question in cross-examination “...

so just to be clear, so you’ve finished your activities [at the TWU meetings] and come back
to the Hotel which – where Toll has booked for you to stay, in the evening? --- That’s
correct”.

[2020] FWC 5960

reasonable to the extent that they would give rise to a sound, defensible or well-
founded reason for dismissal in the circumstances of this case.

(f) Toll submits that because Mr Chambers inflicted injuries to Mr Newton that
resulted in him being unfit for work, I should find that a sufficient connection to the
work exists. The difficulty with this submission is that Newton’s injuries arose
outside of the workplace. In my view, it follows that such injuries, or the infliction of
same, do not in and of themselves give rise to a sufficient connection to the
Applicants’ employment.

[104] Having concluded that Mr Newton was not at work at the time of the Fight, I also
conclude that Mr Newton’s involvement in the Fight was not, of itself, of such gravity or
importance as to indicate a rejection or repudiation by Mr Newton of his contract of
employment with Toll. In this regard:

(a) There is nothing on the evidence to suggest that Toll’s reputation or interests
have been damaged. Of course, I accept generally that employees engaging in fighting
at work will not assist an employer’s reputation. However, the Fight did not occur at
work. Indeed, there is no suggestion that members of the public, or even other Toll
TWU delegates, looked upon the Fight and associated it with Toll.

(b) The fact that other employees became aware of the Fight after it had occurred
does not, in my view, enable me to make a positive finding that this ‘awareness’
individually, or combined with the other facts and circumstances of this case, has
caused Toll’s interests to have been damaged. Further, no members of the public
witnessed the Fight, and the Applicants were not wearing any clothing that would give
rise to anyone associating them or their conduct with Toll.

(c) The fact that Mr Newton himself believed that he was bound by Toll’s policies
and procedures during his own free time, in my view, is neither here nor there. The
question is, on a proper construction and application of Toll’s policies and procedures,
did they apply to the Applicants at the time of the Fight (when the Applicants were in
their own ‘free’ and personal time). I have found that they do not.

Whether the Fight and/or the Verbal Altercation ground a valid reason for dismissal

[105] The reasons relied upon by Toll to dismiss the Applicants are set out at paragraph [47]
of this decision.

[106] The core reasons relied upon by Toll to dismiss Mr Newton were that:

(a) Mr Newton, along with Mr Chambers, had been a willing participant in the
Fight;

(b) the Fight occurred at work;

(d) the Investigation Report made findings as to serious misconduct; and

[2020] FWC 5960

(e) the Investigation Report recommended the dismissal of Mr Newton for his
involvement in the Fight.

[107] Given my findings in paragraphs [103] to [104] above, I do not consider that Mr
Newton’s mere instigation of, or involvement in, the Fight (that occurred outside of work) is,
in and of itself, a valid reason for his dismissal.

[108] Toll also relies upon Mr Newton’s involvement in the Verbal Altercation as a valid
reason for his dismissal. My findings in relation to the Verbal Altercation are set out at
paragraphs [66] to [68] of this decision.

[109] I do not need to determine whether the Verbal Altercation occurred at work or not. I
say this because even if I proceed on the basis that the Verbal Altercation occurred at work, I
do not consider that Mr Newton’s role in the Verbal Altercation was, in and of itself, a valid
reason for his dismissal, let alone an instance of serious misconduct.

[110] It is undisputed that the Verbal Altercation arose because Mr Newton was being called
names behind his back by Mr Mitchell. Upon Mr Newton being made aware of this name
calling, he sought to clarify why it was occurring. No complaint or report was made by Mr
Mitchell (or anyone else) about the Verbal Altercation. Albeit Mr Mitchell did feel it was not
worth reporting because he might be labelled a “dobber” by other employees90 (accepting,
rightly or wrongly, that many employees will consider a person who dobs or snitches on other
employees as some form of ‘scoundrel’).

[111] The Verbal Altercation did not result in any physical engagement, and lasted only
around a minute or so. There has been no on-going animosity or other repercussions flowing
from the Verbal Altercation. Mr Newton’s conduct in respect of the Verbal Altercation
certainly warrants sanction, perhaps in the form of a warning, but it does not (in and of itself)
warrant the sanction of dismissal (in that, in my view, in all the circumstances, Mr Newton’s
role in the Verbal Altercation is not a sound, defensible or well-founded reason for the
dismissal of an employee with (at the time of dismissal) more than 41 years of service).

[112] I have set out the basis upon which I have concluded that the two core reasons relied
upon by Toll for the dismissal of Mr Newton, individually or combined, do not amount to
valid reasons for his dismissal. I stress that these conclusions relate only to these specific
reasons for dismissal (as relied upon by Toll).

Whether Mr Newton’s dishonesty constitutes a valid reason for his dismissal

[113] In determining to dismiss both of the Applicants, Toll formed the view that both of the
Applicants had been dishonest, or at the very least, less than candid, in relation to their
versions of the Fight (i.e. as to what happened to start the Fight, what was said in the lead up
to the Fight, and what occurred during the Fight).

[114] There are, however, questions concerning Toll’s reliance upon issues of dishonesty in
that, at the time of the Applicants’ dismissals, Toll was unable to properly articulate exactly
what the Applicants had been dishonest about.

90 Transcript, PN1465.

[2020] FWC 5960

[115] Rather, Toll appears to have proceeded simply on the basis that neither of the
Applicants could be believed (to more or less degrees). This is not a criticism of Toll, or its
investigation. The Investigation Report highlights the difficulties that Mr Lambie
encountered in determining what actually happened in relation to the Fight, especially in
circumstances where there were no witnesses to the Fight, and much of the evidence from
persons other than the Applicants was based upon hearsay, speculation and innuendo. It was
also apparent to Mr Lambie that there was a factional split amongst TWU delegates, which
made evidence from other employees difficult to assess in terms of reliability (i.e. having
regard to unknown union factional allegiances).

[116] However, the fact that Toll’s reliance upon issues of dishonesty, as at the time it made
the decision to dismiss Mr Newton, might have been incomplete or not fully capable of
articulation, does not mean that Mr Newton’s dishonesty (as found to have occurred on the
evidence in these proceedings) is to be cast aside from the perspective of the Commission’s
ability to make a findings about same, or an ultimate finding as to such dishonesty being a
valid reason for his dismissal.

[117] The determination as to whether a ‘valid reason’ for dismissal exists is not confined or
otherwise limited to a finding as to whether an employer properly identified and relied upon a
valid reason for dismissal. Rather, the position is much broader. In my view, the relevant
question is:

On the evidence before the Commission, in all the circumstances of the case, does a
valid reason for dismissal exist as at the time of the dismissal, notwithstanding that
such a valid reason might not be one that was relied upon by the employer at the time
of the dismissal, but for example comes to light in a hearing before the Commission?

[118] It follows that the Commission’s inquiry as to whether a valid reason for a dismissal
exists is not limited to only the reasons given by an employer for a dismissal, but may
include, for example, reasons later identified by an employer, or by the Commission, that
were in existence at the time a dismissal occurred. Such reasons could be grounded by
evidence exposed or uncovered during an unfair dismissal hearing. For example, such
evidence may go to facts that were in existence at the time the employee was dismissed, but
not at that time known or reasonably apparent to the employer, or otherwise able to be clearly
articulated (e.g. due to an inability to resolve conflicting employee statements).91

[119] Unlike Mr Chambers, I have found Mr Newton to have engaged in dishonest conduct
during the course of the investigation into the Fight and the Verbal Altercation, and before
this Commission. Mr Newton’s conduct in this regard marks a departure from the
circumstances that applied to Mr Chambers. Mr Newton’s dishonest behaviour in terms of a
valid reason for dismissal must be considered separately to the conduct relied upon by Toll in
dismissing Mr Newton (i.e. for his willing involvement in the Fight and the Verbal
Altercation).

91 See: Australia Meat Holdings Pty Ltd v McLauchlan (1998) 84 IR 1 at 8 to 9 (Ross VP,

Polites SDP, Hoffman C); Lane and Ors v Arrowcrest Group Pty Limited
(1990)_43_IR_210 at 237 to 238; Jennison v Advanced First Supermarket Pty Limited t/as
IGA Berkeley PR946806 (AIRC, Drake SDP, 20 MAY 2004) at [15]; Belic v Air Direct
Transport PR955577 (AIRC, Grainger C, 11 February 2005) at [31]; at [42]; MM Cables v
Zammit Print S8106 (AIRC, Ross VP, Drake SDP, Lawson C, 17 July 2000) at [42].

[2020] FWC 5960

[120] Mr Rugendyke became aware of the Fight at around 8.00am on 31 May 2019. At this
time, it was reported to him that Mr Newton had been glassed by Mr Chambers the evening
prior.92 When Mr Rugendyke followed this report up directly with Mr Newton that day over
the telephone, Mr Newton stated to him:

“Oh I was set upon last night and I was attacked [by Mr Chambers]. It wasn’t a regular
fight. I was king hit.”

“ … [Mr Chambers] turned up out of nowhere. … We were going to bed and [Mr
Chambers] turned up and asked me to come outside and he started getting in my face
and talking about Telematics and a number of other things and then next minute I was
on the deck. He just whacked me. I think he glassed me because I’ve got a cut on my
head and there was glass all over the ground and he was on top of me belting me when
I was on the deck. He’s broken my nose. When I woke up he was just on top of me.

“Yeah, I must have been [knocked out]”

“ … The police went and saw Chambers and Chambers didn’t deny it. He said ‘Yeah, I
did it’.”93

[121] Shortly after this, Mr Rugendyke was advised by Mr Grant Roger (TWU Official) that
as part of or during the Fight Mr Newton had pushed Mr Chambers and taken his jumper off.

[122] At 9.00am, Mr Rugendyke had a further conversation with Mr Newton, where he
again asked Mr Newton what happened, and questioned him as to why he had taken his
jumper off. Mr Newton stated:

“I just shoved him out of the way, he was in my face, so I just sort of shoved him out of
the way.”

“I don’t know [why I took my jumper off]. I don’t know. I was going inside”.94

[123] Mr Chambers was stood down for his role in the Fight on 31 May 2019, post the
foregoing discussions between Mr Rugendyke and Mr Newton. I point out that these
discussions highlight that in the space of an hour, Mr Newton’s version of the Fight had gone
from being ‘king hit’ by Mr Chambers, to Mr Newton pushing or shoving Mr Chambers. Mr
Rugendyke makes the same observation in his evidence:

“I did not stand down Mr Newton immediately because at that stage I believed Mr
Newton’s version of events and thought that he was a victim of an unprovoked assault.
I did find it strange that Mr Newton’s story had changed from being king hit out of
nowhere to pushing Mr Chambers and taking his jumper off, however, left this to be
dealt with by the investigation process.”95

92 Exhibit R7, at [20].
93 Exhibit R7, at [21]. See also Annexure ‘MR-13’.
94 Exhibit R7, at [23]. See also Annexure ‘MR-13’.
95 Exhibit R7, at [35]

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[124] At 5.00pm on 31 May 2019, Mr Rugendyke had a further conversation with Mr
Newton (in the presence of Ms Harvey on car speakerphone). Mr Newton stated to Mr
Rugendyke:

“I was set upon, it was a set up, you know, that was organised. Steve Philpott and Mark
Trevillian had sent Wayne Chambers over to do a job. To rile me up and have a fight.
I’m absolutely confident it was premeditated”.96

[125] On 11 June 2019, Mr Rugendyke became aware that Mr Newton’s version of the Fight
was being contested by Mr Chambers on the basis that Mr Newton was the aggressor who
first provoked the Fight, and that Mr Chambers had been acting in self-defence. Mr
Rugendyke stood down Mr Newton on the basis of this new information.97

[126] On 9 July 2019 Mr Newton contacted Mr Rugendyke and advised him that he was in
receipt of threatening text messages concerning, connected to, or otherwise relating to, the
Fight. Mr Rugendyke requested copies of such text messages from Mr Newton. However,
there is no evidence that such text messages were provided by Mr Newton to anyone at Toll.98

[127] Upon receiving the Investigation Report, Mr Rugendyke became concerned that
despite Mr Newton portraying to him that he had essentially been a victim in the Fight, Mr
Newton had been a willing participant.99

[128] In his first interview about the Fight on 4 June 2019, which was electronically
recorded (First Interview), Mr Newton gave the following account of the Fight:

(a) Mr Chambers “gets on the piss” on some Friday and Saturday nights and rings
up and “abuses the shit” out of another Toll TWU delegate, Mr Freddy Vecki, and
threatens him that he will punch his head in. Apparently, the abuse and threats
concern Mr Chambers desire to be the Toll TWU delegate for all IPEC linehaul
drivers on the eastern seaboard.100 He makes similar calls to Mr Rod Cole.101

(b) He stated to Mr Chambers prior to the Fight, “I’ve had a few to drink, so don’t
go talking about anything too technical”.102

96 Exhibit R7, at [31].
97 Exhibit R7, at [37].
98 Exhibit R7, at [41]. I note that the evidence of Mr Rugendyke at [41] is somewhat

confused in that it appears to say that the text sent by Mr Rugendyke to Mr Newton was
sent to Mr Newton by a person threatening Mr Newton, however, the text itself is not a
threat. I work on the basis that the words set out in paragraph [41] reflect a text sent by Mr
Rugendyke to Mr Newton following their conversation about Mr Newton asserting that he
had been receiving threatening texts.

99 Exhibit R7, at [42]-[44].
100 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, pp.30-31 (point 0.8 of p.10 to point 0.3 of page 11 of record

of interview).
101 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, p.55 (point 0.2 of p.35 of record of interview).
102 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, p.33 (p.13 of record of interview). That Mr Newton used

these words at any point in time is categorically denied by Mr Chambers: Transcript:
PN2448-PN2449 (Note also PN2451-PN2453).

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(c) During discussions prior to the Fight, Mr Chambers first raised concerns that
he had with Toll’s use of Telematics (in-vehicle monitoring), and then turned around
and abruptly launched into his desire to be the Toll TWU delegate for IPEC linehaul
drivers for New South Wales. He asked Mr Newton to push the issue for him and
support him.103

(d) When Mr Newton refused to further engage on Mr Chambers desire to be the
IPEC linehaul drivers delegate for New South Wales, Mr Chambers “got the shits”,
raised his voice, and carried on.104

(e) In response, Mr Newton stated to Mr Chambers, “Fuck this shit, I’m out of
here”. Mr Newton then took his jumper off and turned to walk away — and that’s the
last thing Mr Newton remembers. When he woke up or otherwise regained
consciousness, Mr Chambers was over the top of him, and hit him in the side of the
face and put his tooth straight through his lip.105

(f) He does not know whether he was cracked over the back of the head with a
bottle, or hit his head on the ground. In this regard, Mr Newton stated:

“I would like to think that he wouldn’t have done something like that cos that’s
just a dog act. Yeah [after] he sucker punched me and I’d done nothing wrong
to provoke or – I don’t even know the guy, I don’t even talk to the guy. So
anyways …”106

“I didn’t see anything coming. So I just, I was, I think I turned, taken my
jumper off and gone to walk upstairs but I didn’t get that far”107

“No [I did not take my jumper off to get into a fight with Mr Chambers]” and “It
was stinking hot inside the restaurant”108

“No [I did not see him hit me]”109

“Yep [I lost consciousness]”110

“Yep [I can’t say exactly what transpired because I was knocked out]”.111

[129] On the issue of provocation, the following exchange occurred at the First Interview:

103 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, p.33 (p.13 of record of interview); p.35 (p.15 of record of

interview).
104 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, p.33 (p.13 of record of interview).
105 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, p.33 (p.13 of record of interview); p.44 (p.24 of record of

interview); p.51 (point 0.5 of p.31 of record of interview);
106 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, p.34 (p.14 of record of interview).
107 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, p.35 (p.15 of record of interview).
108 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, pp.35-36 (pp.15-16 of record of interview).
109 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, p.36 (p.16 of record of interview).
110 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, p.36 (p.16 of record of interview).
111 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, p.36 (p.16 of record of interview).

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MR LAMBIE: “So at no stage leading up to the incident did you provoke any attack
[by Mr Chambers]?”

MR NEWTON: “No. No. No. I was in too much of a good mood by then …”112

[130] At the end of the First Interview, the following exchange occurred:

MR LAMBIE: “Yep, okay. Is everything you’ve told us today the truth to the best of
your knowledge?”

Mr Newton: “Yep.”113

[131] Following Mr Lambie’s interview with Mr Chambers, Mr Newton attended a second
interview with Mr Lambie on 4 July 2019 (Second Interview). At the Second Interview, Mr
Chambers’ account of the Fight and the circumstances leading up to same were put directly to
Mr Newton. In response to such matters, Mr Newton:

(a) denied that he removed his jumper and got into a boxing stance;114

(b) denied pushing Mr Chambers during the Fight (instead, Mr Newton says that
he did not push him away but only “put his hand up” as though to push Mr Chambers
away);115

(d) denied ever stating to Mr Chambers “I’m going to kill you”;117

(e) did not dispute the proposition that, prior to the Fight, Mr Newton had said to
Mr Chambers, “Fuck you”, and Mr Chambers had replied, “No, fuck you”;118

(f) maintained that he was unconscious from the time he went to walk away from
Mr Chambers, after copping a punch or bottle to the back or side of his head;119

(g) maintained that the Fight arose from Mr Chambers pressing upon Mr Newton
that he wanted to be the IPEC linehaul delegate;120

112 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, p.45 (p.25 of record of interview).
113 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, p.56 (p.36 of record of interview); Transcript, PN711-PN712;

PN874. Compare PN894-PN895.
114 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.175 (p.5 of the record of interview on 4 July 2019); p.193

(p.23 of record of interview on 4 July 2019).
115 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, pp.176-177 (pp.7-8 of the record of interview on 4 July

2019).
116 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.176 (p.6 of the record of interview on 4 July 2019); p.178

(p.8 of the record of interview on 4 July 2019).
117 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.176 (p.6 of record of interview on 4 July 2019)
118 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.175 (p.5 of record of interview on 4 July 2019)
119 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.177 (p.7 of the record of interview on 4 July 2019); p.193

(p.23 of record of interview on 4 July 2019).

[2020] FWC 5960

(h) maintained that he does not know whether he was cracked over the back of the
head with a bottle, and made statements such as, “I would like to think he didn’t”, and
“I’d like to hope he wouldn’t”;121

(i) acknowledged that his discussion with Mr Chambers prior to the Fight also
concerned a discussion over yard agreements;122

(j) stated that he said to Mr Chambers on at least three occasions prior to the
Fight, words to the effect of, “I’ve had a few to drink, so don’t go talking about
anything too technical”;123 and

(k) confirmed that he had said all that he wished to say concerning the Fight and
the Verbal Altercation.124

[132] At the Second Interview, Mr Mitchell’s account of the Verbal Altercation and the
circumstances leading up to same we also put directly to Mr Newton. In response to such
matters, Mr Newton:

(a) denied that he pushed Mr Mitchell in the chest;125

(b) denied that he took out his teeth shortly prior, to or shortly after, pushing Mr
Mitchell;126

(c) said that he only took his teeth out as they were uncomfortable as he had
abscess, and his false teeth or mouth plate made it hard and/or painful for him to
talk;127 and

(d) denied any form of aggressive confrontation with Mr Mitchell and/or that he
was attempting to provoke Mr Mitchell into having a fight.128

[133] In his Show Cause Response, Mr Newton:

(a) doubles down on the responses he gave at the First and Second Interviews, and
relies upon those responses as reflecting his recollection of events concerning the
Fight and the Verbal Altercation;129

(b) makes an admission that he in fact did push Mr Chambers in the chest, but
only to get Mr Chambers out of his face;130

120 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.177 (p.7 of the record of interview on 4 July 2019).
121 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.179 (p.9 of the record of interview on 4 July 2019).
122 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.175 (p.5 of the record of interview on 4 July 2019).
123 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.175 (p.5 of record of interview).
124 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.196 (p.26 of the record of interview on 4 July 2019).
125 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.183 (p.13 of the record of interview on 4 July 2019).
126 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.183 (p.13 of the record of interview on 4 July 2019).
127 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.183 (p.13 of the record of interview on 4 July 2019).
128 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-24, p.193 (p.23 of the record of interview on 4 July 2019).
129 Exhibit R7, MR-18 (p.195), at 1.1, (1)-(3).

[2020] FWC 5960

(d) states that he was in a serious medical condition immediately after the Fight,
and had suffered concussion.132

[134] In his first witness statement tendered in these proceedings, Mr Newton’s evidence in
relation to the Fight essentially maintained what he told Mr Lambie in the First and Second
Interviews. He maintains his admission that he did push Mr Chambers.133 However, he fails
to include the admission that he made in the Second Interview that discussions between Mr
Chambers and himself prior to the Fight involved the differing Toll yard agreements.134

[135] In his second witness statement tendered in these proceedings, Mr Newton provides
the following caveat to his evidence:

“I make the following statements in reply to what is contained in Wayne’s [Mr
Chamber’s] statement:

a. In relation to my interactions with Wayne on the night of 30 May 2019, I
confirm that it is difficult for me to recall exactly what had occurred prior to,
during and after the physical altercation. This is due to a number of factors
including as a result of the injuries I sustained as a result of the altercation and
the fact that I was under the influence of alcohol at the time. However, the
statements I make below are to the best of my recollection in the
circumstances.”135 (Caveat)

[136] This Caveat was not raised by Mr Newton in his First or Second Interviews with Mr
Lambie.136 Indeed, in both of these interviews Mr Newton advanced the position that he was
not suffering any ill effects of the Fight.137 Any loss or absence of recollection during the
interviews was limited, by Mr Newton, to the period he was allegedly “knocked out”.

[137] The Caveat asks the Commission to accept what Mr Newton can recollect as true, but
to the extent that any issue (or issue of detail) cannot be recalled by Mr Newton, it should not
be held against him, and/or is relied upon in relation to some issues to suggest that no
conclusive finding on a relevant issue can or should be made at all. I reject that I need, or
otherwise ought, to adopt such an approach to Mr Newton’s evidence. Even accepting some
form of memory loss or poor recollection on the part of Mr Newton, his evidence as to the
Fight is in complete contrast to the evidence of Mr Chambers (and my findings in relation to

130 Exhibit R7, MR-18(p.195), at 1.1, (4).
131 Exhibit R7, MR-18(p.195), at 1.1, (4).
132 Exhibit R7, MR-18 (p.197), at 2.1, (17).
133 Exhibit N3, at [30].
134 Exhibit N3, at [16]-[38].
135 Exhibit N4
136 Albeit a fleeting reference to “impaired memory” is made in Mr Newton’s Show Cause

Response.
137 Exhibit R8, Annexure RL-8, pp.47-48 (pp.27-28 of record of interview); Annexure RL-24,

pp.172 (at point 0.8 of page) (p.3 of second record of interview).

[2020] FWC 5960

such evidence). For example, Mr Newton’s evidence is that he barely provoked the Fight,
never threw one punch, and was knocked out cold by a ‘king hit’.

[138] In his second witness statement, Mr Newton also says:

(a) (for the first time) Mr Chambers became agitated during initial discussions
over the issue of Telematics (in-vehicle monitoring);138

(b) (for the first time) the issue of yard agreements arose as part of Mr Chambers
desire to be the delegate for Toll Long Distance (Linehaul) Drivers on the Eastern
Seaboard, and to replace Mr Vecki (as the current individual holding this delegate
position);139

(d) he has never used the word “victim” to describe himself.141

[139] In his first witness statement tendered in these proceedings, Mr Newton’s evidence in
relation to the Verbal Altercation is that he was not aggressive to Mr Mitchell, and that his
interactions with Mr Mitchell (over the name calling) were essentially a ‘shrug of the
shoulders’ affair.142

[140] Based upon my Mr Newton’s responses to Toll during the First and Second
Interviews, and his evidence before this Commission, given my findings in this decision, I
reiterate my view that Mr Newton has not been honest with Toll or the Commission in
relation to his accounts of the Fight and the Verbal Altercation.

[141] In this decision I have found that in the specific circumstances of this case, Mr
Newton’s willing involvement in the Fight and/or the Verbal Altercation are not valid reasons
for his dismissal. However, Mr Newton was required to be honest and candid with Toll in
respect of their investigation into the Fight and the Verbal Altercation. He does not dispute
this.

[142] Mr Newton made no submission that it was inappropriate or wrong for Toll to have
conducted an investigation into the Fight or the Verbal Altercation. Mr Newton made no
objection to his participation in Toll’s investigation during the First or Second Interviews.
Indeed, he relies upon such responses as part of his evidence in these proceedings.

[143] Even if Mr Newton did make an objection to Toll’s investigation, I would reject the
objection. Issues of liability have come to weigh heavily upon the employer in the ‘modern’
day employment relationship. Indeed, from a statutory liability perspective, employers may
be found liable, directly, vicariously or accessorily, for anything from deteriorations in mental
health, to failing to provide the correct information on a payslip. Put simply, in my view, in

138 Exhibit N4, at [7(c)(iii)].
139 Exhibit N4, at [7(d)].
140 Exhibit N4, at [7(j)(ii)].
141 Exhibit N4, at [18(h)].
142 Exhibit N3, at [9]-[15]

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the facts and circumstances of this case, it would be wrong of Toll to have simply ignored or
cast aside the conduct of Mr Newton and Mr Chambers simply because such interactions did
not take place at work. In many cases, interactions between employees outside of the
workplace require careful management back at the workplace, so as to eliminate potential
future risk and/or liability. At the very least, Toll needed to inquire as to what had happened
in relation to the Fight and the Verbal Altercation, and whether any issues arising from same
would flow back into the workplace (and thus need to be managed).

[144] It follows from the foregoing that whilst an employee may engage in conduct or
behaviour that does not occur at work, or does not have a requisite connection with work, if
such matters are investigated by their employer, such an investigation will occur at work. It
equally follows that any answers provided by an employee to questions put to him or her by
their employer during such an investigation fall within the scope of the employment
relationship. And in so falling within the scope of the employment relationship in this case,
Mr Newton had a duty to answer questions and/or give his version of events honestly.143 As
Dixon and McTiernan JJ stated in Blyth Chemicals v Bushnell144:

“Conduct which in respect of important matters is incompatible with the fulfilment of
an employee’s duty, or involves an opposition, or conflict between his interest and his
duty to his employer, or impedes the faithful performance of his obligations, or is
destructive of the necessary confidence between employer and employee, is a ground
of dismissal...But the conduct of the employee must itself involve the incompatibility,
conflict, or impediment, or be destructive of confidence. An actual repugnance
between his acts and his relationship must be found. It is not enough that ground for
uneasiness as to its future conduct arises”.145

[145] Of course, the case of Blyth Chemicals relates to summary dismissal under an
employment contract, but there is no basis to suggest that the principle articulated by the High
Court is not equally applicable in forming a view as to whether a sound, defensible or well-
founded reason for dismissal exists in proceedings for unfair dismissal.146 Indeed, in this
matter, Toll’s policies and procedures are replete with references to Toll’s core values being
underpinned by employees acting with “Integrity and Trust”, being “Open and Transparent”,
and “openly participat[ing] in workplace investigations with integrity”.147

[146] The entire factual matrix must be considered in determining whether an employee’s lie
or dishonesty is a valid reason for dismissal.148 The Commission follows the approach long

143 See, for example, Coulter v Woolworths (WA) Pty Ltd [2004] WAIRComm 11973, at [120]

(citing Associated Dominions Assurance Society v Andrew (1949) SR (NSW) 351, at 357-
358. I note that Herron J in Associated Dominions refers to the requirement to answers
questions or make disclosures during an investigation on the premise of “generally
speaking”, however, I do not consider there to be any basis to depart from the ‘general’ in
the facts and circumstances of this case.

144 (1933) 49 CLR 66.
145 Ibid, at 81-82.
146 Telstra v Streeter (2008) 170 IR 1, at 11-12, ([23], [27] and [29]).
147 Exhibit R7, Annexures MR-2 (p.91); MR-3 (p.95, 108); MR-4 (p.115, 118, 140); MR-5

(p.171).
148 Allied Express Transport Pty Ltd v Anderson (1998) 81 IR 410, at 413 (Lee, Tamberlin and

Marshall JJ); Woodman v The Hoyts Corporation Pty Ltd (2001) 107 IR 172, at 178 to 179
(Giudice J, President, Watson SDP, Grainger C).

[2020] FWC 5960

taken by its predecessors in weighing the gravity of any finding of dishonesty. In some
circumstances, relevant dishonesty can be said to be of such insignificance or triviality that
any decision to terminate the employee on the basis of same may be disproportionality
“harsh”.149 In other circumstances, the dishonesty may be of such gravity that any dismissal
that follows is an appropriate consequence (and thus not harsh).150 That said, it would be
inappropriate to measure this case against the factual matrix of other cases.151 The most that
can be drawn from a survey of the authorities is that it is open to the Commission to consider
the gravamen of the dishonesty in question as to whether it forms a valid reason for dismissal.

[147] By representing the facts of the Fight and the Verbal Altercation as he has, Mr Newton
has (both to Toll, and before this Commission) been both dishonest and misleading. In this
regard, I note the following:

(a) Mr Newton has maintained his version of events. To date, Mr Newton has not
recanted, to any substantial degree, his evidence that he did not in any way provoke
the Fight. Nor has he moved away from his assertion that he was ‘king hit’ in a
cowardly fashion by Mr Chambers, knocked unconscious, and then punched (absent
any resistance from him) whilst he lay on the ground (with Mr Chambers sitting on top
of him).

(b) Mr Newton’s dishonesty has been completely self-serving, with absolutely no
regard to Mr Chambers personal reputation. Indeed, Mr Newton during the First and
Second Interviews continued to maintain that he does not really know if he was
glassed by Mr Chambers, and made sanctimonious comments about same, such as “I
would like to think he wouldn’t have done something like that”. Given that I have
rejected Mr Newton’s evidence that he did not provoke the Fight, and was not
knocked unconscious during the Fight, his maintenance of the suggestion that he may
have been glassed by Mr Chambers (or otherwise ‘king hit’ by Mr Chambers) is
appalling.

(c) Mr Newton’s dishonesty in relation to the Verbal Altercation and his
interactions with Mr Mitchell on 9 April 2019, whilst not of the same gravity as his
dishonesty in relation to the Fight, are equally self-serving, and only serve to reinforce
my view as to the self-serving nature of Mr Newton’s evidence more generally in
these proceedings.

(d) Mr Newton’s dishonesty has not been in relation to insignificant or trivial
matters. Whether the Fight justified dismissal or not, it was nonetheless a physical
altercation between two employees that resulted in physical injury. Toll needed to
know the truth as to what had occurred, and why it had occurred, so that it could make
a proper assessment of any changes it needed to make at the workplace.

(e) Dishonesty of any form in the employment relationship will undermine the
trust and confidence between an employer an employee. The seriousness of such

149 Ibid.; McIndoe v BHP Coal Pty Ltd [Print PR901846, 2 March 2001.
150 See: McDonald v Parnell Laboratories (Aust) Pty Ltd (2007) 168 IR 375 (Buchanan J);

Dawson v Qantas Airways Limited [2017] FWCFB 1712 (Catanzariti VP, Gooley DP,
Wilson C); Telstra v Streeter (2008) 170 IR 1, at 11-12, ([23], [27] and [29]).

151 Hoyts Corporation Pty Ltd (2001) 107 IR 172, at 178 to 179.

[2020] FWC 5960

dishonesty measures the degree to which such trust and confidence may be weakened.
In this case, Mr Newton’s dishonesty was serious. It has had implications for Toll and
Mr Chambers, including in terms of Toll’s investigation, the decisions Toll has made
in reliance upon such dishonest information, and the impact it has had upon Mr
Chambers.

[148] All in all, I find that Mr Newton’s dishonesty in relation to the Fight and/or the Verbal
Altercation constitute a valid reason for his dismissal by Toll. This weighs in favour of a
finding that Mr Newton’s dismissal was not harsh, unjust or unreasonable.

Was the Applicant notified of the valid reason?

[149] Mr Newton was not notified of the reason for his dismissal. Toll dismissed Mr
Newton for “misconduct” because it formed the view that he engaged in the Fight (and was an
active participant in same), and the Verbal Altercation (and was the aggressor in same).152
However, inherent in Toll’s decision to dismiss Mr Newton was the fact that Toll did not
believe Mr Newton’s version of events in relation to the Fight and the Verbal Altercation.
The facts in this matter are also unusual in that the Commission has found a valid reason for
Mr Newton’s dismissal that existed at the time of his dismissal, being a reason upon which
Toll did not expressly identify to Mr Newton at the time he was advised of his dismissal. In
the circumstances, I consider this factor a neutral consideration in this matter.

Was the Applicant warned about unsatisfactory performance before the dismissal?

[150] Mr Newton’s dismissal was not for reasons of conduct, not unsatisfactory
performance. I therefore treat this factor as being a neutral consideration in this matter.

Was the Applicant given an opportunity to respond to any valid reason related to their
capacity or conduct?

[151] I agree with Mr Newton that the allegations made against him by Toll lacked
specificity, and merely concerned his involvement in the Fight and the Verbal Altercation.
However, this is also to be considered in light of the fact that Mr Chambers and Mr Mitchell’s
version of events were directly put to him by Toll, but he maintained his assertions as to what
occurred. In short, Mr Newton had every opportunity to revise or otherwise correct his
version of events, including before this Commission, but chose not to do so.

[152] Further, whilst Toll did not warn Mr Newton that his false denials would give rise to a
finding of serious misconduct (before or during the First and Second Interviews),153 such
failure is ameliorated by the fact that questions of dishonesty and/or disparity in his evidence
were directly put to him during his evidence before the Commission.154

[153] In view of this, I treat any failure by Toll to put specific allegations of dishonesty to
Mr Newton during the First and/or Second Interviews, or as part of the disciplinary process,
as a neutral consideration in the circumstances of this case.

152 Exhibit R7, Annexure MR-19. Note internal Toll emails as identified in Mr Newton’s

Submissions, 25 March 2020, at [57].
153 See Exhibit R7, Annexure MR-5, third dot point under heading “Serious Misconduct”.
154 Transcript, PN1174-PN1228; PN1260-PN1356.

[2020] FWC 5960

Did the Respondent unreasonably refuse to allow the Applicant to have a support
person present to assist at discussions relating to the dismissal?

[154] Mr Newton was provided with the opportunity to have a support person present at all
meetings he attended with Toll as part of its investigation and the disciplinary process in
relation to the Fight and the Verbal Altercation. I therefore treat this factor as being a neutral
consideration in this matter.

To what degree would the size of the Respondent’s enterprise be likely to impact on the
procedures followed in effecting the dismissal? To what degree would the absence of
dedicated human resource management specialists or expertise in the Respondent’s
enterprise be likely to impact on the procedures followed in effecting the dismissal?

[155] Toll is a large business and has access to a well-resourced human resources and
workplace relation team. I therefore treat these factors as being a neutral consideration in this
matter.

What other matters are relevant?

[156] Mr Newton submits that his dismissal was a disproportionate outcome to his conduct,
and therefore harsh. In this regard, Mr Newton submits that:

(a) at the time of his dismissal, he had worked for Toll for about 41 years (having
commenced employment with Toll when he was 19 years of age);

(b) he has a virtually unblemished record of employment with Toll;

(c) any previous concerns raised with Mr Newton have not concerned his role as a
TWU delegate, which has been confirmed by Mr Rugendyke;

(d) Mr Newton has enjoyed an excellent relationship with Toll and its
management, as exemplified by his various roles with the TWU;

(e) the Fight and the Verbal Altercation did not occur at work;

(f) Mr Newton has not had any previous or subsequent run-ins with Mr Chambers
or Mr Mitchell;

(g) there were disciplinary options open to Toll that did not involve the
termination of his employment. Further, there is no evidence that Toll gave serious
consideration to such other options; and

(h) Mr Newton has a wife, a seven-year old son, and a mortgage. His age and
length of service mean that it is likely he will experience considerable difficulty in

[2020] FWC 5960

finding comparative alternative employment. Hence, his dismissal has and will
continue to have significant financial and personal consequences for him.155

[157] For its part, Toll submits that the subjective factors relied upon by Mr Newton, and his
personal circumstances, are not determinative factors (in and of themselves) in determining
whether Mr Newton’s dismissal was harsh, unjust or unreasonable. Indeed, other decisions of
the Commission have, taking into account similar matters, still found a dismissal not to be
unfair.156

[158] Taking into account the “other matters” raised by Mr Newton, I accept that they
should be given weight in the context of my overall determination as to whether his dismissal
was unfair.

Differential treatment and comparative fairness

[159] Mr Newton submits that there is an issue of comparative fairness. Mr Newton says
that another employee, Mr Scott Egginton, was given a warning by Toll after he was found to
have spat on another employee and punched him on the jaw (Spitting Incident). Mr Newton
says that the Spitting Incident is more serious than the Fight because it involved a punch, and
occurred in the workplace (whilst Mr Egginton was on duty).

[160] Mr Newton relies upon evidence given by Ms Jody Duncan (Human Resources, Toll).
Ms Duncan came to the conclusion that she could not be satisfied that Mr Egginton had spat
on, or struck, another employee. Mr Newton says that Ms Duncan’s evidence is contrary to an
investigation report that concluded the Spitting Incident occurred as alleged, a statement by
the victim, Mr Daniel Farrell, and a doctor’s report indicating that an injury was consistent
with a punch to the jaw.

[161] Toll submits that the Commission must compare “apples with apples”, being that any
examples of differential treatment are properly comparable.157 With that in mind, Toll submits
that:

(a) There is evidence as to the different approaches taken in the different parts of
Toll’s business. More particularly, the incident occurred in a business unit that
operates independently to other business units. Furthermore, human resource staff take
a more active role in the decision-making process as to the disciplinary outcomes of
employees. Ultimately, Toll submits that it is incorrect to presume that there are
similar approaches to decisions in its Energy business unit.

(b) Consistent with her more active role, Ms Duncan reviewed the investigation
report and was not satisfied that there was a sufficient basis to proceed to termination.
In this regard, whilst she accepted that there was a verbal altercation, she was unable
to conclude that there had been any physical altercation as alleged.

155 Mr Newton’s submissions, 25 March 2020, at [74]; see also Exhibit N3, Annexure SN-6,

at [2.1]; Mr Newton’s submissions in-reply, 14 May 2020, at [39]; see also Exhibit N3,
Annexure SN-6, at [2.1].

156 Toll Submissions, 27 April 2020, at [6.2]-[6.5]. Telstra v Streeter (2008) 170 IR 1, at 11-
12, ([23], [27] and [29]).

157 Sexton v Pacific National (ACT) Pty Ltd PR931440 (AIRC, Lawler VP, 14 May 2003) at
[36]; Darvell v Australian Postal Corporation [2010] FWAFB 4082.

[2020] FWC 5960

(c) There is no basis to conclude that the circumstances of the Spitting Incident
were comparable (let alone worse) than the circumstances of the Fight. Regarding the
former, there was no evidence or admission by any employee as to the allegation of
physical altercation. In contrast, there is clear evidence and admissions by both of Mr
Newton and Mr Chambers as to their involvement in the Fight. There is also greater
information as to the Verbal Altercation, including an acceptance by Mr Newton that
he partly provoked the escalation into a physical altercation.

[162] By way or reply, Mr Newton submits that Toll has failed to address the evidence. Mr
Newton submits that it cannot be seriously suggested that the allegations against Mr Egginton
were not more serious that those involving Mr Newton. Mr Egginton was alleged to have
been involved in a fight at the workplace whilst performing duties for Toll. No allegation of
comparable seriousness is made against Mr Newton.

[163] Clearly, the parties are in furious disagreement regarding whether issues of
comparative fairness arise vis-à-vis between the outcome of the Fight and the Spitting
Incident. Had Mr Newton’s dismissal only been grounded in respect of the Fight, he may
have been able to mount an argument of differential treatment. The issue here, however, is
that no dishonesty appears to directly arise in respect of the Spitting Incident, or the
investigation into same.158 I have already found that there was a valid reason for dismissing
Mr Newton for dishonesty, his involvement in the Fight aside. Hence, Mr Newton’s case is
markedly distinct from that of Mr Egginton.

[164] The comparison sought to be made by Mr Newton is therefore that of “apples and
oranges”, to continue the metaphor. That being the case, I must treat the circumstances
concerning Mr Newton, and the Spitting Incident, as being of no more than that of a neutral
consideration.

Was Mr Newton’s dismissal hash, unjust, or unreasonable?

[165] Having regard to the findings that I have made in this decision, and having given due
weight to each of the essential criteria provided for under s.387 of the Act, I am satisfied that
Mr Newton’s dismissal was not unfair within the meaning of s.385 of the Act.

[166] In all the circumstances, I have determined that Mr Newton’s unfair dismissal
application is to be dismissed.

[167] In weighing the finding I have made as to valid reason, as against the neutral
considerations I have identified, and as against the weight to be given to the “other matters”
put forward by Mr Newton, I do not consider the latter to be, in the specific facts and
circumstances of this case, matters that render Mr Newton’s dismissal harsh, unjust or
unreasonable. Mr Newton’s dishonestly with Toll and before this Commission means that
Toll cannot be confident that he will be honest with it into the future. His dishonesty has been
in relation to straightforward issues as to his interactions with other persons during the Fight

158 Despite Toll’s investigation finding that some claims were unsubstantiated, there is a clear

difference between being unable to making a finding of fact, as compared to a positive
finding of dishonesty. Toll’s investigation goes no further than the former. There is no
express or implied finding of dishonesty.

[2020] FWC 5960

and the Verbal Altercation, however, such straightforward issues have been about significant
matters for both Toll and Mr Chambers.

[168] In the circumstances of this case, the question becomes is it harsh, unjust or
unreasonable for an employee (even an employee of lengthy service who does not hold a
management role) to be dismissed for dishonesty of the gravity engaged in by Mr Newton?
Giving due weight to each of the matters set out under s.387 of the Act, I have concluded that
it is not.

Fair go all round

[169] Section 381(2) of the Act is a significant overarching object of Part 3-2 of the Act. It is
expressed as follows:

“381 Object of this Part

(1) The object of this Part is:

(a) to establish a framework for dealing with unfair dismissal that
balances:

(i) the needs of business (including small business); and

(ii) the needs of employees; and

(b) to establish procedures for dealing with unfair dismissal that:

(i) are quick, flexible and informal; and

(ii) address the needs of employers and employees; and

(2) The procedures and remedies referred to in paragraphs (1)(b) and (c), and the
manner of deciding on and working out such remedies, are intended to ensure that a
“fair go all round” is accorded to both the employer and employee concerned.

Note: The expression “fair go all round” was used by Sheldon J in Re Loty and
Holloway v Australian Workers’ Union [1971] AR (NSW) 95”.

[170] In my judgment, the outcome in this case is consistent with the object of Part 3-2 of
the Act of providing a ‘fair go all round’ to both Mr Newton and Toll. I have not found Mr
Newton’s dismissal to be unfair, and I have taken into account the needs of both Toll and its
employees in reaching this determination.

Disposal of proceedings

[171] A separate order will be issued dismissing the Application for an unfair dismissal
remedy made by Mr Newton in this matter.

[2020] FWC 5960

DEPUTY PRESIDENT

Appearances:

Mr M Gibian of Senior Counsel, instructed by Mr G Webb of the TWU appeared for Mr
Newton.

Mr P Boncardo of Counsel, instructed by Ms L de Plater of the TWU, appeared for Mr
Chambers.

Mr B Rauf, instructed by Ms E Strachan of Herbert Smith Freehills, appeared for Toll.

Printed by authority of the Commonwealth Government Printer

PR724341

F THE FAIR WORK O NOISS THE SEAK

Newton, Steve v Toll Transport Pty Ltd - [2020] FWC 5960

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