[2025] FWCFB 12
The attached document replaces the document previously issued with the above code on 17
January 2025.
Changing references to ‘section 306’ to ‘section 306E’ in para [21] (3rd line) and para [34] (1st
line).
Associate to Vice President Gibian
Dated 21 January 2025
1
Fair Work Act 2009
s.306E - Application for a regulated labour hire arrangement order
Application by the Mining and Energy Union re Rix’s Creek
(C2024/3832)
VICE PRESIDENT GIBIAN
DEPUTY PRESIDENT SAUNDERS
DEPUTY PRESIDENT GRAYSON
SYDNEY, 17 JANUARY 2025
Application for a regulated labour hire arrangement order in respect of WorkPac Mining Pty
Ltd in relation to work performed for Rix’s Creek Pty Ltd at the Rix’s Creek Mine – Making
of some form of regulated labour hire arrangement order not opposed – Submission that
order should be limited to employees of labour hire provider who work roster arrangements
permissible under the enterprise agreement that applies to the regulated host – Whether
Commission has jurisdiction to make an order which applies to employees who work a roster
not permitted under the covered employment instrument which applies to a regulated host –
“Work of that kind” – Whether it is not fair and reasonable to make a regulated labour hire
arrangement order which applies to all WorkPac employees for the purposes of s 306E(2) –
Whether the Commission able to consider a matter in s 306E(8) even if no submissions made
about it – Commission required to make order that applies to all WorkPac employees – No
basis to limit the regulated employees to whom the order applies – Order made.
Introduction
[1] On 11 June 2024, the Mining and Energy Union filed an application for a regulated
labour hire arrangement order under s 306E of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) (the Act). The
order sought by the MEU would apply to labour hire workers employed by Workpac Mining
Pty Ltd (WorkPac) who perform work for Rix’s Creek Pty Ltd (Rix’s Creek) at the Rix’s
Creek Mine near Singleton in New South Wales (the Rix’s Creek Mine or the Mine). The host
employment instrument is the Rix’s Creek Mine Enterprise Agreement 2021, as varied in 2023
(AE511876) (the Rix’s Creek Agreement).
[2] The MEU filed written submissions and evidence in support of its application on 17 July
2024. On 27 September 2024, WorkPac filed its written submissions and evidence. In its written
submissions, WorkPac indicated that it “accepts that a [regulated labour hire arrangement order]
can be made”. Impliedly at least, WorkPac accepts that the conditions which require the
Commission to make such an order in s 306E are satisfied. However, WorkPac contended in its
written submissions, and continues to contend, that the order can and should apply only to those
of WorkPac’s employees who work roster arrangements that are permitted under the Rix’s
Creek Agreement.
[2025] FWCFB 12
DECISION
AUSTRALIA FairWork Commission
[2025] FWCFB 12
2
[3] In its submissions, WorkPac suggests that its employees who perform work at Rix’s
Creek Mine can be categorised in two groups. The first group work Monday to Friday on an 8
hour and 10-minute roster pattern which is contemplated by clause 7.1 of the Rix’s Creek
Agreement. It does not object to an order being made covering the first group who perform
work in accordance with rosters contemplated by, and provided for, in the Rix’s Creek
Agreement. The second group of WorkPac employees “can conceivably work the weekend
rosters that employees covered by the Rix’s Creek Agreement are prohibited from working.”
WorkPac submits that the Commission cannot make a regulated labour hire arrangement order
which covers the second group of employees.
[4] WorkPac indicated that it opposes the making of an order that extends to or operates to
cover any of its employees who work roster arrangements that are prohibited for employees
covered by the Rix’s Creek Agreement on two grounds, namely:
(a) There is no jurisdiction for the Commission to make an order that extends to or
operates to cover those employees; and
(b) Additionally or alternatively, it would not be fair and reasonable to make such
an order within the meaning of s 306E(2) of the Act.
[5] Together with its written submissions, WorkPac filed a document setting out the terms
of a proposed draft order which it submits should be made. Relevantly, WorkPac’s draft order
proposed to identify the employees covered by the order in the following terms:
The regulated employees covered by the order are employees of the Employer who perform
work at the Rix’s Creek Open Cut Mine near Singleton in the State of New South Wales who
would, if employed by the Regulated Host, be covered by the Host Employment Instrument
identified in A.4 (the Regulated Employees), and who are performing work on roster
arrangements which are permitted to be worked by employees of the Regulated Host in the same
work stream under the terms of the Host Employment Instrument.
[6] The draft order proposed by the MEU would simply cover all WorkPac employees who
perform work at the Rix’s Creek Mine and who would, if employed by Rix’s Creek, be covered
by the Rix’s Creek Agreement.
[7] Rix’s Creek, for its part, communicated to the Commission on 2 October 2024 that it
“supports an order being made in the terms proposed by WorkPac but at this stage does not
propose to file any submissions or evidence in support of this position”. Rix’s Creek was
represented at the hearing of the application and made brief submissions in support of the
position adopted by WorkPac.
[8] The MEU submits that the absence of specific rostering arrangements provided for in
the host employment instrument does not preclude the making of the order with respect to all
of WorkPac’s employees who perform work for Rix’s Creek. It further submits that it is fair
and reasonable for an order to be made which covers all WorkPac employees who perform
work at the Rix’s Creek Mine consistent with the purposes and policy considerations underlying
the enactment of Part 2-7A of the Act.
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Evidence before the Commission
[9] The evidence before the Commission in relation to the application comprised the
following:
(a) A witness statement of Bradley Young dated 16 July 2024. Mr Young is
employed by WorkPac as a Multi-Skilled Operator and performs work at the
Rix’s Creek Mine.
(b) A witness statement of Michael Hill dated 8 May 2024 and a witness statement
in reply of Mr Hill dated 9 October 2024. Mr Hill is employed by Rix’s Creek
as a Production Employee to work at the Rix’s Creek Mine.
(c) A witness statement of Cameron Hockaday dated 27 September 2024. Mr
Hockaday is the Chief Commercial & Risk Officer of WorkPac Group Pty Ltd
(which is the parent company of the corporate group which includes WorkPac
Mining Pty Ltd).
[10] Each of those witness statements was admitted into evidence in the proceedings and
none of the witnesses were required for cross-examination. The evidence indicates, and the Full
Bench finds, as follows:
(a) The Rix’s Creek Mine is an open cut coal mine situated approximately five
kilometres northwest of Singleton in New South Wales. The Mine is owned and
operated by Bloomfield Collieries Pty Ltd. Employees employed to perform
work at the Rix’s Creek Mine are employed by Rix’s Creek. Bloomfield
Collieries Pty Ltd and Rix’s Creek are part of the same corporate group (the
Bloomfield Group).
(b) The Rix’s Creek Mine is constituted by two mining areas (north and south) and
all coal extracted is conveyed to a Coal Handling and Preparation Plant (CHPP).
Thermal and semi-soft coking coal is produced at the Mine, the bulk of which is
exported. The Mine operates 24-hours a day, 7-days a week other than on
Christmas Day and Boxing Day.
(c) Rix’s Creek employs production and maintenance employees to perform work
at the Rix’s Creek Mine. The Rix’s Creek Agreement covers and applies to these
employees. Clause 10 is entitled “Wages” and sets out the classifications for
employees under the Agreement. The classifications hinge on the experience
and skills of employees operating particular plant and equipment, performing
maintenance functions, or performing CHPP duties. For operators, the
classification for them aligns with the number of production equipment they
operate.
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4
(d) In addition to the directly employed workforce, WorkPac supplies employees to
Rix’s Creek to perform production work at the Rix’s Creek Mine. WorkPac is
party to a contract with a company known as Four Mile Pty Ltd which is also
part of the Bloomfield Group. Under the contract, WorkPac provides labour for
deployment across the operations of the Bloomfield Group including at the Rix’s
Creek Mine. The Workpac Coal Mining Agreement 2019 covers and applies to
WorkPac and its employees who perform work at the Rix’s Creek Mine.
(e) The contracts of employment provided to WorkPac employees, among other
things, require that the employees act in accordance with Rix’s Creek’s
directions including with respect to working arrangements, safety regulations
and the manner and proficiency with which they are to carry out their work, are
subjected to the days of work, hours and length of ‘the assignment’ as
determined by Rix’s Creek, must obey lawful written and verbal directions
issued by WorkPac or Rix’s Creek and adhere to standard operating procedures
and safe systems of work laid down by Rix’s Creek.
(f) Production work at the Rix’s Creek Mine involves engagement in processes
relating to the extraction of coal and its transportation to a CHPP. The various
steps involved in the extraction of coal involve the use of plant and equipment
by production workers employed by Rix’s Creek and WorkPac. These items of
plant and equipment include rear dump trucks, dozers, graders, water trucks,
rubber tyred dozers, excavators, ancillary excavators/loaders, production front
end loaders and overburden/blast-hole drill. Rix’s Creek owns this plant and
equipment. WorkPac provides no plant and equipment that is used at the Mine.
(g) Both Rix’s Creek and WorkPac employees perform production work at the
Mine, operating these various types of plant and equipment. Rix’s Creek and
WorkPac employees work alongside one another, use the same machines and
use the same crib facilities. Rix’s Creek determines which plant and equipment
that workers, including employees of WorkPac, operate by reference to the
worker having undertaken relevant training and assessment. The same training
is required to be undertaken by both Rix’s Creek and WorkPac employees and
is conducted by Rix’s Creek.
(h) The supervisors, who oversee and superintend work at the Rix’s Creek Mine,
are employed by Rix’s Creek. The supervisors arrange, oversee and monitor the
work of WorkPac employees as well as Rix’s Creek employees. No managers
or supervisors employed by WorkPac perform work at the Rix’s Creek Mine or
oversee and superintend the work of WorkPac employees at the Mine. The Rix’s
Creek supervisors report to Rix’s Creek’s project superintendent who, in turn,
reports to its mine manager who, in turn, reports to its operations manager.
(i) Rix’s Creek supervisors are present for all hours of work and one of the
supervisors employed by Rix’s Creek is an open cut examiner required to be
appointed under the Work Health and Safety (Mines and Petroleum Sites)
Regulation 2022 (NSW).
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(j) Policies and procedures in place at the Rix’s Creek Mine, to which all workers
including those employed by WorkPac are required to adhere, are those
promulgated by Rix’s Creek. The relevant policies comprise health and safety
policies and procedures, including the blue book, job safety analyses and hazard
reports. Training packages required to be undertaken by workers at the Rix’s
Creek Mine are Rix’s Creek’s, and Rix’s Creek ensures that all workers at the
Mine are trained in accordance with these packages. Rix’s Creek also monitors
and keeps track of training undertaken by each worker.
(k) Personal protective equipment for work at the Rix’s Creek Mine is provided to
workers by Rix’s Creek, and all consumable products used and accessed by
workers at the Mine are provided by Rix’s Creek.
(l) Rix’s Creek controls the sign in and sign out of workers to the Rix’s Creek Mine
and all workers are issued swipe cards recording their name and an identification
number. WorkPac employees are provided with such a swipe card and the sign
in/sign off procedure for WorkPac and all other workers is determined and
enforced by Rix’s Creek. Rix’s Creek also monitors and enforces an alcohol and
drug testing regime at the Mine that covers all workers including WorkPac
employees.
(m) Prior to 2 September 2024, a number of WorkPac employees performing work
at the Rix’s Creek Mine worked a rotating seven-day 12-hour day/night roster.
Some time prior to 2 September 2024, an operational decision was made by
Rix’s Creek to change its operating rosters such that the seven-day roster would
cease to be worked and, thereafter, all permanent WorkPac employees
undertaking work at the Rix’s Creek Mine work on the Monday to Friday, 8 hour
and 10 minute Roster consistent with the Rix’s Creek Agreement. Some casual
WorkPac employees also work on the Monday to Friday, 8 hour and 10 minute
roster, but other WorkPac casuals work fluctuating shifts and are predominantly
“weekend warriors”.
(n) Prior to 2 September 2024, WorkPac employees performing the same work as
Rix’s Creek employees at the Rix’s Creek Mine were paid less than Rix’s Creek
employees. For example, WorkPac employees performing the same work as a
Classification Level 2 under the Rix’s Creek Agreement would earn
approximately $43,817.76 less per annum than a Rix’s Creek employee. Since
2 September 2024, WorkPac and Rix’s Creek agreed that WorkPac employees
who perform work on the same work patterns as employees under the Rix’s
Creek Agreement would be paid the same rate as Rix’s Creek employees.
[11] WorkPac’s submissions rely on aspects of the Rix’s Creek Agreement, particularly the
limitations that are imposed on the hours of work and rostering arrangements for employees
covered by the Agreement. The parties to the Rix’s Creek Agreement are recorded as being
Rix’s Creek, the Construction, Foresty, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union (CFMMEU –
[2025] FWCFB 12
6
Mining & Energy Division) and “All Production & Engineering Employees directly employed
by the Company who are engaged at Rix’s Creek Mine”.1
[12] A number of aspects of the Rix’s Creek Agreement are relevant to the arguments
advanced by the parties. Clause 6 is headed “Contract of Employment” and sets out the types
of employment provided for under the Agreement. Clauses 6.14 to 6.17 provide for casual
employees as follows:
Casuals
6.14 Casual Employees will be appointed to a shift of a Roster under Clause 7 or any other
hours of work as determined by the Company.
6.15 If Casual Employees are not appointed to a shift of a Roster under clause 7 and work
such hours of work as determined by the Company, Casual Employees will be paid on
an hourly basis the Casual Rate for all Ordinary Hours of Shift worked.
6.16 If Casual Employees are appointed to a shift of a Roster under clause 7 (that is, to work
Rostered Hours under one of the roster arrangements in clause 7), Casual Employees
will be paid on an hourly basis the Casual Rate for all Rostered Hours worked and for
any Rostered Overtime worked that forms part of their Rostered Hours worked, they
will also be paid an amount which is double the applicable Wage Rate for those
Rostered Overtime hours.
6.17 Subject to clause 6.16, hours worked in excess of Ordinary Hours of Shift or worked
on a Weekend do not attract Shift Allowance (as outlined in Clause 12.5) or Casual
Loading, and will be paid at double the applicable Wage Rate as defined in Clause 10.
[13] Clause 7 of the Rix’s Creek Agreement sets out the provisions governing rostering
arrangements. The relevant parts of clause 7 are set out as follows:
7. Rosters
7.1 The Company may require Employees within the agreed streams to work any of the
following roster arrangements, subject to clause 7.2 below: -
a) Monday to Friday 8 Hour & 10 Minute Roster
Day 06.30am - 02.40pm
Afternoon 02.30pm - 10.40pm
Night 10.30pm - 06.40am
b) Wednesday to Saturday 10 Hour Roster
Rostered Hours will be Wednesday to Saturday 06.30am to 04.30pm. This time may be
varied if agreed in writing by the majority of affected Employees.
c) 7-Day, Rotating Day & Night, 12 Hour Roster
Rostered Hours will be 06.30am to 06.30pm and 06.30pm to 06.30am. These times
may be varied if agreed in writing by the majority of affected Employees.
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The following is the agreed roster pattern. The week that an Employee will commence
on the roster is at the discretion of the Employer:
7.2 Production Employees will only be engaged on Roster (a) and Casual Employees will
not be engaged on Roster (c).
[14] Clause 9 also provides for overtime. The most relevant parts of clause 9 are as follows:
9. Overtime
9.1 The Employees acknowledge that all Employees may be required to work a reasonable
amount of Non-Rostered Overtime.
9.2 Employees acknowledge that Non-Rostered Overtime labour must be made available
for train loading.
9.3 Non-Rostered Overtime can be worked in any block length on an 'as needs' basis by
agreement between the parties.
9.4 All Rostered Overtime and Non-Rostered Overtime worked is paid at Overtime Rates.
9.5 Roster Payments
9.5.1 Monday to Friday Fixed 8 Hour & 10 Minute Roster
Employees are rostered five days per week on 8 hour and 10 minute shifts giving a total
of 40 hours and 50 minutes each week, which is made up of Ordinary Hours and Rostered
Overtime.
This is paid as 7 Ordinary Hours of Shift at the applicable Wage Rate and 1 hour and
10 minutes Rostered Overtime at Overtime Rates per day. Any rostered hours that fall on
the Weekend, will be paid at Weekend Penalty Rate (e.g. night shift being paid double
time from 10.30pm to midnight on a Sunday).
9.5.2 Wednesday to Saturday 10 Hour Roster
Wednesday to Friday - Work 10 hours
- First 8.75 Ordinary Hours of Shift at the applicable Wage
Rate
- Remaining 1.25 Rostered Overtime at Overtime Rates
Subsequent hours worked as Non-Rostered Overtime at
Overtime Rates
Saturday - Work 10 hours
- First 10 hours at Weekend Penalty Rate
- Subsequent hours worked as Non-Rostered Overtime at
Overtime Rates
Wook M T W T F S 1 D D N N 2 D D N N N D D D N N
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Sunday to Tuesday Any hours worked are Non-Rostered Overtime and paid at
the applicable Weekend Penalty Rate or Overtime Rates
Employees on the Wednesday to Saturday roster shall be paid 13.44 hours at the
applicable Wage Rate for each day worked. This is equivalent to the average across the
four (4) day roster of Ordinary Hours at the applicable Wage Rate, Rostered Overtime
Hours at Overtime Rates and Weekend hours at Weekend Penalty Rate.
…
9.5.3 7-Day, Rotating Day & Night, 12 Hour Roster
Monday to Friday - Work 12 hours
- First 10 Ordinary Hours of Shift at the applicable
Wage Rate
- Remaining 2 Rostered Overtime hours at Overtime
Rates
- Subsequent hours worked as Non-Rostered Overtime at
Overtime Rates
Saturday or Sunday - Work 12 hours
- First 12 hours at Weekend Penalty Rate
- Subsequent hours worked as Non-Rostered Overtime at
Overtime Rates
Employees on the 7-Day, Rotating Day & Night, 12 Hour Roster shall be paid 16.86 hours
at the applicable Wage Rate for each Rostered Shift worked. This is equivalent to the
average across the roster cycle of Ordinary Hours at the applicable Wage Rate, Rostered
Overtime Hours at Overtime Rates and Weekend hours at Weekend Penalty Rate.
Statutory Provisions
[15] Part 2-7A of the Act is entitled “Regulated labour hire arrangement orders” and
provides, among other things, for the Commission to make such orders and sets out the
obligations of employers and regulated hosts covered by those orders. The key provision in Part
2-7A is s 306E which, notwithstanding the use of the word “may” in the heading of the section,
sets out when the Commission “must” make a regulated labour hire arrangement order. The
most relevant parts of s 306E for present purposes are as follows:
FWC may make a regulated labour hire arrangement order
Regulated labour hire arrangement order
(1) The FWC must, on application by a person mentioned in subsection (7), make an order (a
regulated labour hire arrangement order) if the FWC is satisfied that:
[2025] FWCFB 12
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(a) an employer supplies or will supply, either directly or indirectly, one or more
employees of the employer to perform work for a regulated host; and
(b) a covered employment instrument that applies to the regulated host would apply to
the employees if the regulated host were to employ the employees to perform work of
that kind; and
(c) the regulated host is not a small business employer.
Note: The FWC may make other decisions under this Part which relate to regulated labour hire
arrangement orders: see Subdivisions C (short - term arrangements) and D (alternative protected
rate of pay orders) of this Division, and Division 3 (dealing with disputes).
(1A) Despite subsection (1), the FWC must not make the order unless it is satisfied that the
performance of the work is not or will not be for the provision of a service, rather than the supply
of labour, having regard to the matters in subsection (7A).
(2) Despite subsection (1), the FWC must not make the order if the FWC is satisfied that it is
not fair and reasonable in all the circumstances to do so, having regard to any matters in
subsection (8) in relation to which submissions have been made.
…
(4) For the purposes of paragraph (1)(b), in determining whether a covered employment
instrument would apply to the employees, it does not matter on what basis the employees are or
would be employed.
…
Matters that must be considered in relation to whether work is for the provision of a service
(7A) For the purposes of subsection (1A), the matters are as follows:
(a) the involvement of the employer in matters relating to the performance of the work;
(b) the extent to which, in practice, the employer or a person acting on behalf of the
employer directs, supervises or controls (or will direct, supervise or control) the
regulated employees when they perform the work, including by managing rosters,
assigning tasks or reviewing the quality of the work;
(c) the extent to which the regulated employees use or will use systems, plant or
structures of the employer to perform the work;
(d) the extent to which either the employer or another person is or will be subject to
industry or professional standards or responsibilities in relation to the regulated
employees;
(e) the extent to which the work is of a specialist or expert nature.
Matters to be considered if submissions are made
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(8) For the purposes of subsection (2), the matters are as follows:
(a) the pay arrangements that apply to employees of the regulated host (or related bodies
corporate of the regulated host) and the regulated employees, including in relation to:
(i) whether the host employment instrument applies only to a particular class or
group of employees; and
(ii) whether, in practice, the host employment instrument has ever applied to an
employee at a classification, job level or grade that would be applicable to the
regulated employees; and
(iii) the rate of pay that would be payable to the regulated employees if the
order were made;
(c) the history of industrial arrangements applying to the regulated host and the
employer;
(d) the relationship between the regulated host and the employer, including whether
they are related bodies corporate or engaged in a joint venture or common enterprise;
(da) if the performance of the work is or will be wholly or principally for the benefit of
a joint venture or common enterprise engaged in by the regulated host and one or more
other persons:
(i) the nature of the regulated host’s interests in the joint venture or common
enterprise; and
(ii) the pay arrangements that apply to employees of any of the other persons
engaged in the joint venture or common enterprise (or related bodies corporate
of those other persons);
(e) the terms and nature of the arrangement under which the work will be performed,
including:
(i) the period for which the arrangement operates or will operate; and
(ii) the location of the work being performed or to be performed under the
arrangement; and
(iii) the industry in which the regulated host and the employer operate; and
(iv) the number of employees of the employer performing work, or who are to
perform work, for the regulated host under the arrangement;
(f) any other matter the FWC considers relevant.
…
[16] In Re Mining and Energy Union [2024] FWCFB 299; (2024) 333 IR 249 (Batchfire), a
Full Bench of the Commission outlined a number of principles concerning the proper
interpretation and application of s 306E.2 As observed by the Full Bench in Batchfire, s 306E(1)
requires the Commission to make a regulated labour hire arrangement order if it is satisfied that
the criteria specified in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of the subsection are met and neither of the
prohibitions upon the making of such an order (“must not”) in ss 306E(1A) and 306E(2) apply.
The objection advanced by WorkPac to an order being made in relation to all of its employees
performing work for Rix’s Creek draws attention specifically to the requirement in s 306E(1)(a)
and (b) and the fair and reasonable assessment required by s 306E(2).
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/decisionssigned/pdf/2024fwcfb299.pdf
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[17] It is convenient to deal first with whether a regulated labour hire arrangement order must
be made in accordance with s 306E of the Act in relation to employees of WorkPac performing
work at the Rix’s Creek Mine at all and then address the submissions advanced by WorkPac as
to the coverage of any regulated labour hire arrangement order.
Whether a regulated labour hire arrangement order must be made?
[18] As we have observed, no party disputed that the requirements in s 306E of the Act are
met so as to require the Commission to make a regulated labour hire arrangement order with
respect to those employees of WorkPac who undertake work in accordance with a roster
arrangement that is permitted by the Rix’s Creek Agreement. Leaving to one side the dispute
as to the employees who must be covered by such an order, we are satisfied that each of the
requirements in s 306E(1) are met and that neither of the prohibitions in s 306E(1A) and
306E(2) apply.
[19] We are satisfied, for the purposes of s 306E(7), that the MEU is an employee
organisation that is entitled to represent the industrial interests of the employees of WorkPac
who are supplied to perform work for Rix’s Creek at the Rix’s Creek Mine as well as employees
of Rix’s Creek employed to perform work at the Mine. Accordingly, the MEU is entitled to
apply for a regulated labour hire arrangement order under s 306E of the Act by operation of s
306E(7)(c) and, as such, for the purposes of s 306E(1).
[20] We are further satisfied that the requirements of s 306E(1) of the Act are met.
Specifically, on the basis of the material before the Full Bench, we are satisfied that:
(a) WorkPac supplies employees employed by WorkPac to perform production
work for Rix’s Creek at the Rix’s Creek Mine involving engagement in
processes relating to the extraction of coal and its transportation and the use of
mining plant and equipment.
(b) The Rix’s Creek Agreement applies to all employees undertaking production
work at the Rix’s Creek Mine. As a consequence, the Agreement would apply
to employees of WorkPac supplied to perform work at the Rix’s Creek Mine if
those employees were directly employed by Rix’s Creek to undertake the same
kind of work.
(c) Rix’s Creek is not a small business employer.
[21] For the purposes of s 306E(1A) of the Act, we are satisfied that the performance of work
is not and will not be for the provision of a service, rather than the supply of labour having
regard to the matters in s 306E(7A). In relation to the matters set out in s 306E(7A) to be
considered in being satisfied of the requirement in s 306E(1A), we make the following findings:
(a) There is no evidence before the Full Bench that WorkPac has any involvement
in matters relating to the performance of work by its employees working at the
Rix’s Creek Mine.
[2025] FWCFB 12
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(b) The evidence indicates that Rix’s Creek directs, supervises and controls the
work of WorkPac employees who are supplied to perform work at the Mine.
Rix’s Creek administers training and assessment to ensure competence of
WorkPac employees in relation to operating equipment and the performance of
work.
(c) WorkPac employees assigned to perform work at the Rix’s Creek Mine operate
the same equipment and machinery as Rix’s Creek employees and are subject to
the same work safety policies, inductions, access to site and site policies and
procedures as Rix’s Creek employees.
(d) There is no evidence before the Full Bench that WorkPac is or will be subject to
industry or professional standards or responsibilities in relation to the work of
its employees supplied to Rix’s Creek.
(e) The work undertaken by WorkPac employees at the Rix’s Creek Mine involves
the operation of plant and equipment but does not involve work of a specialist
or professional nature.
[22] Having regard to the considerations referred to in s 306E(7A), it is clear that the
performance of work by WorkPac employees is not for the provision of a service but is for the
supply of labour.
[23] With respect to s 306E(2) of the Act, we are not satisfied that it is not fair and reasonable
in all the circumstances to make a regulated labour hire arrangement order at least with respect
to those employees of WorkPac who undertake work in accordance with a roster arrangement
that is permitted by the Rix’s Creek Agreement. With respect to that group of employees, no
submissions were made by any party in relation to the matters specified in s 306E(8) and,
accordingly, we are not required to have regard to those matters. There is otherwise no material
before the Full Bench which would permit the state of satisfaction referred to in s 306E(2) to
be reached.
[24] In those circumstances, the Commission is required by s 306E of the Act to make a
regulated labour hire arrangement order at least to cover employees of WorkPac who undertake
work in accordance with a roster arrangement that is permitted by the Rix’s Creek Agreement.
We now turn to consider the submissions advanced by WorkPac as to the employees who can,
or should, be covered by the order we are required to make.
Coverage of the regulated labour hire arrangement order
[25] The submission advanced by WorkPac is that the Commission is only able to make a
regulated labour hire arrangement order with respect to employees of WorkPac who are
supplied to undertake work at the Rix’s Creek Mine in accordance with a roster arrangement
that is permitted by the Rix’s Creek Agreement or, in any event, should only make an order
which covers those employees. It submits that the Commission has no jurisdiction to make an
order which covers employees who work roster arrangements not permitted by the Rix’s Creek
Agreement and, in the alternative, that it would not be fair and reasonable to do so.
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13
Jurisdiction to make the order sought
[26] The starting point of WorkPac’s jurisdictional submission is that the Rix’s Creek
Agreement imposes restrictions on the rostering arrangements available for permanent
production employees. The relevant provisions are set out above. Clause 7.1 provides that Rix’s
Creek may require employees to work any of three rostering arrangements. Roster (a) is a
Monday to Friday 8 Hours & 10 Minute Roster; Roster (b) is a Wednesday to Saturday 10 Hour
Roster; and Roster (c) is a 7-Day, rotating Day & Night, 12 Hour Roster. Clause 7.2 imposes
further restrictions in relation to production employees as follows:
7.2 Production Employees will only be engaged on Roster (a) and Casual Employees will not
be engaged on Roster (c).
[27] So far as casual employees are concerned, clause 6.14 provides that casual employees
will be appointed to a shift of a roster under clause 7 or “any other hours of work as determined
by the Company”. WorkPac accepts that casual employees can be appointed to work any pattern
of hours. It says, however, that permanent production employees can only be engaged to work
in accordance with Roster (a) being a Monday to Friday 8 Hours & 10 Minute Roster. WorkPac
submits that this means that the “hypothetical exercise” contemplated by s 306E(1)(b) of the
Act cannot be undertaken and the statutory scheme has no application to permanent WorkPac
employees performing work at the Rix’s Creek Mine other than those employees working in
accordance with a Monday to Friday 8 Hours & 10 Minute Roster.
[28] It is correct to say that s 306E(1)(b) requires a hypothetical exercise to be undertaken.
The Commission is required to be satisfied that a covered employment instrument that applies
to the regulated host would apply to the employees “if the regulated host were to employ the
employees to perform work of that kind”. It requires consideration of what instrument would
apply to employees in fact employed by, in this case, WorkPac if those employees were instead
employed by Rix’s Creek to perform the same kind of work. The reference to work of “that
kind” is to be understood as work of the kind the employee is supplied to the regulated host to
perform as referred to in s 306E(1)(a).
[29] WorkPac accepts that the phrase “work of that kind” in s 306E(1)(b) refers to the work
tasks performed by an employee for the regulated host. It did not suggest that WorkPac
employees performing production work would not, if employed by Rix’s Creek, be employed
to perform work of a kind covered by the Rix’s Creek Agreement merely because the employee
performs work under a different arrangement of hours or a different roster to that permitted
under the Agreement. That concession was appropriate. It is clear, with respect, that the
reference to work of “that kind” in s 306E(1)(b) refers to the nature of the work performed by
employees, in the sense of the tasks, duties and responsibilities assumed by the employees,
rather than the conditions of employment associated with the work.
[30] Section 306E(1)(a) directs attention to the “work” employees are supplied to perform
for a regulated host. That can only be sensibly understood as referring to the functions
performed, and the duties undertaken, by the employees for the regulated host. That conclusion
[2025] FWCFB 12
14
accords with the ordinary meaning of the words used in s 306E(1)(a) and (b) and with s 306D(1)
which provides that:
(1) A reference in this Part to work of a kind includes a reference to work that is substantially
of that kind.
[31] The inclusion of work which is “substantially of that kind” in s 306D(1) is consistent
with construing the phrase “work of a kind” as referring to the substance of the duties performed
by an employee.
[32] WorkPac nonetheless submits that the hypothetical exercise required by s 306E(1)(b)
cannot be undertaken with respect to its employees performing work on a roster pattern which
is not permissible under the Rix’s Creek Agreement. As we understood the submission, it
submits that a production employee working, for example, a 7-day roster could not be employed
by Rix’s Creek because clause 7.2 of the Rix’s Creek Agreement requires that production
employees only be engaged on a Monday to Friday 8 Hours & 10 Minute Roster. It says that,
for this reason, the Commission cannot make a regulated labour hire arrangement order with
respect to employees who work a pattern of hours not contemplated by the Rix’s Creek
Agreement.
[33] We do not accept that submission. WorkPac’s submission assumes that the hypothetical
exercise required by s 306E(1)(b) incorporates the hours of work, or roster pattern, of the
employees concerned. That conclusion is not required by, and cannot be reconciled with, the
language of s 306E(1)(b). Section 306E(1)(b) asks only whether a covered employment
instrument that applies to the regulated host would apply to the employees if the regulated host
were to employ the employee to perform work of the kind they are supplied to perform for the
regulated host. That requires consideration only of whether, if the employee was employed by
the regulated host to perform the same type of work, the employee would be covered by the
industrial instrument that applies to the regulated host.
[34] In this matter, the only question posed by s 306E(1)(b) is whether a production employee
supplied by WorkPac at the Rix’s Creek Mine would, if employed by Rix’s Creek to do
production work, be covered by the Rix’s Creek Agreement. That question must be answered
in the affirmative. The application of an enterprise agreement is dealt with in s 52(1) of the Act
which, relevantly, provides that an enterprise agreement applies to an employee if the
agreement is in operation and “covers” the employee. An employee is “covered” by an
enterprise agreement, in accordance with s 53(1), if the agreement is “expressed to cover
(however described) the employee”.
[35] The Rix’s Creek Agreement is in operation. The parties to the Agreement are described
as including: “All Production & Engineering employees directly employed by [Rix’s Creek]
who are engaged at Rix’s Creek Mine”.3 There is no doubt, and WorkPac does not dispute, that
the Rix’s Creek Agreement is expressed to cover all production employees of Rix’s Creek. The
Rix’s Creek Agreement would apply to any production employee supplied by WorkPac at the
Rix’s Creek Mine if the employee was directly employed by Rix’s Creek to do production work.
In our opinion, that is plainly the case irrespective of the pattern of hours or roster arrangement
worked by the WorkPac employee. The restrictions on rostering imposed by clause 7 of the
[2025] FWCFB 12
15
Rix’s Creek Agreement do not alter the coverage of the Agreement but regulate the rostering
arrangements that apply to employees who are covered by the Agreement.
[36] WorkPac endeavours to support its submission by suggesting that it would encounter
difficulties in calculating the “protected rate of pay” for an employee working a roster patten
not contemplated by the Rix’s Creek Agreement. This, it suggests, supports the conclusion that
the statutory scheme does not countenance a regulated labour hire arrangement order being
made with respect to such an employee.
[37] The term “protected rate of pay” is defined in s 306F(4) as follows:
(4) Unless subsection (5) applies, the protected rate of pay for the regulated employee is the full
rate of pay that would be payable to the employee if the host employment instrument covered
by the regulated labour hire arrangement order were to apply to the employee.
[38] Section 18(1) defines the “full rate of pay” of an employee as the rate of pay payable to
the employee including incentive-based payments and bonuses, loading, monetary allowances,
overtime or penalty rates and other separately identifiable amounts.
[39] We do not accept that it is not possible for a protected rate of pay to be calculated for
WorkPac employees performing production work other than on a Monday to Friday 8 Hours &
10 Minute Roster. If, for example, a production employee was rostered to perform work on the
weekends, the employee would be entitled to be paid at overtime rates in accordance with
clauses 9.4 and 9.5.1.4 The full rate of pay that would be payable to a Rix’s Creek employee for
weekend work can be calculated by applying the overtime rate. Part 2-7A also provides a
mechanism for disputes in relation to what the protected rate of pay for a regulated employee
is.5 If there were to be some uncertainty as to the manner in which the protected rate of pay is
to be determined or what it is, the Act contains a mechanism to resolve such a dispute.
[40] Other provisions in Part 2-7A support the conclusion we have otherwise reached.
Section 306F(5), for example, sets out how the protected rate of pay for a casual employee is
calculated in the event that the covered employment instrument does not provide for work of
that kind to be performed by casual employees. It is unnecessary, for present purposes, to reflect
on the detail of those provisions. It is significant, however, that Part 2-7A contemplates that a
regulated labour hire arrangement order can be made that applies to casual employees even
though the instrument covering the host employer does not permit casual employment. That
such provision is made is inconsistent with the proposition that an order cannot be made which
applies to a labour hire employee performing work in accordance with a work arrangement not
permitted by the host employment instrument.
[41] The construction of s 306E(1)(b) advanced by WorkPac is also inconsistent with the
purpose of the statutory scheme and would substantially undermine achievement of the apparent
object of Part 2-7A. Part 2-7A was enacted to close what the extrinsic materials describe as the
“labour hire loophole”.6 The Part requires, if the relevant requirements are met, that the
Commission make an order the effect of which is that labour hire employees must be paid no
less that the rate which applies to directly hired employees performing the same, or substantially
the same, work.7 The object of the provisions is, reasonably obviously, to ensure that the
[2025] FWCFB 12
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practice of sourcing employees through a labour hire employer cannot be used to undercut the
rates of pay prescribed in industrial instruments which apply to a host employer.
[42] That object would be substantially undermined if the construction proposed by WorkPac
were correct. On WorkPac’s construction, a regulated labour hire arrangement order could not
be made if any case in which the roster arrangements or pattern of work of labour hire
employees differ from that permissible under the industrial instrument which applies to the host
employer. The operation of the entire scheme could, on that view, be avoided by labour hire
employees being engaged on a basis that departs in some marginal way from the hours of work
or rostering arrangements permissible under the host employment instrument. As we have
explained, the Rix’s Creek Agreement requires permanent production employees only be
engaged on a Monday to Friday 8 Hours & 10 Minute Roster. If WorkPac’s submission is
correct, it could supply production employees to work on a Monday to Friday roster of 8 hours
and 15 minutes each day and thereby avoid the possibility of a regulated labour hire
arrangement order being made in relation to those employees. That outcome would very
substantially undermine the effectiveness of Part 2-7A and cannot have been intended by
Parliament.
[43] The task of statutory construction must begin with a consideration of the text itself.
However, ascertaining the meaning of the text may require consideration of the context, which
includes the general purpose and policy of a provision, in particular the mischief it is seeking
to remedy.8 We are conscious that the determination of the purpose of a statute is to be derived
from its text and structure (and, where appropriate, reference to extrinsic materials) and not
from what those who promoted or passed the legislation may have had in mind when it was
enacted or any a priori assumption about the desired or desirable reach or operation of the
relevant provision.9 Consideration of the purposes of a statute cannot displace the clear meaning
of the text and a court or tribunal “is not at liberty to give it a construction that is unreasonable
or unnatural”.10
[44] However, s 15AA of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) requires that the
interpretation that would best achieve the purpose or object of the Act (whether or not that
purpose or object is expressly stated in the Act) is to be preferred to each other interpretation.
As McHugh J said in Newcastle City Council v GIO General Limited (1997) 191 CLR 85 at
113:11
… when the purpose of a legislative provision is clear, a court may be justified in giving the
provision “a strained construction” to achieve that purpose provided that the construction is
neither unreasonable nor unnatural. If the target of a legislative provision is clear, the court’s
duty is to ensure that it is hit rather than to record that it has been missed.
[45] Further, a construction that avoids an apparently irrational or unjust result is to be
preferred.12
[46] We do not need to give s 306E a strained construction to reject WorkPac’s submissions.
Both the text and the unambiguous purpose of Part 2-7A cannot be reconciled with the
construction of s 306E(1)(b) proposed by WorkPac. There is no jurisdictional impediment to
the Commission making a regulated labour hire arrangement order with respect to all
[2025] FWCFB 12
17
production employees supplied by WorkPac at the Rix’s Creek Mine. For the purposes of s
306E(1)(b), the Rix’s Creek Agreement would apply to all production employees supplied by
WorkPac to perform work at the Rix's Creek Mine if they were employed by Rix’s Creek
irrespective of the rostering arrangements that apply to the employee.
Whether it is not fair and reasonable to make an order?
[47] In the alternative, WorkPac submits that an order should not be made in the terms sought
by the MEU applying to any and all WorkPac employees on the basis that it is not be fair and
reasonable to do so in all the circumstances for the purposes of s 306E(2) of the Act.
[48] In relation to s 306E(2), WorkPac make three submissions which, it says, mean the
Commission should be satisfied it is not fair and reasonable to make an order which applies to
all WorkPac employees supplied to perform work at the Rix’s Creek Mine. First, it submits that
Rix’s Creek and its workforce have chosen to regulate their relationship in a way which
precludes production work, by permanent employees, on terms other than on the Monday to
Friday Roster and they do not have a “bargain” as to what rate of remuneration should apply if
production work is undertaken on a weekend roster. Second, in these circumstances, WorkPac
submits that there is no reason relevant to the objects and purposes of Part 2-7A of the Act to
disturb the “bargain” which WorkPac and its employees have reached via the terms of the
Workpac Coal Mining Agreement 2019 and it would not be fair and reasonable to do so. Third,
it again relies on the submission that there is no basis in the Rix’s Creek Agreement to calculate
the protected rate of pay for production work on anything other than the Monday to Friday
Roster.
[49] Section 306E(2) sets out one circumstance in which the Commission is prevented from
making a regulated labour hire arrangement order. The Commission must not make an order if
satisfied it is not fair and reasonable in all the circumstances to do so. In considering whether it
is not fair and reasonable to make an order, the Commission is directed to have regard to the
matters in subsection (8) but only those matters in relation to which submissions have been
made. In Batchfire, the Full Bench made the following observations in relation to s 306E(2):13
… the prohibition on the making of a regulated labour hire arrangement order in s 306E(2) only
operates if the Commission is positively satisfied that it is not fair and reasonable in all the
circumstances to do so. The provision thus operates in an inverse way to s 306E(1A). The
requirement to have regard to the matters in s 306E(8) is conditioned upon submissions having
been made about them. That is, in the absence of any such submissions, regard need not be had
to those matters. The statutory intention in this respect is confirmed in [646] of the REM: “The
FWC is only required to consider matters listed in new subsection (8) where the parties have
made submissions on these matters”.
[50] As the Full Bench said, s 306E(2) prevents an order being made only if the Commission
has formed a state of satisfaction that it is not fair and reasonable to make an order. The
Commission does not need to be positively satisfied it is fair and reasonable to make an order.
As a practical matter, it is likely to be necessary for some consideration, or set of considerations,
to be identified which are sufficient to persuade the Commission that it is not fair and reasonable
in all the circumstance to make an order.
[2025] FWCFB 12
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[51] The requirement that the Commission be satisfied it is not fair and reasonable to make
an order “having regard to any matters in subsection (8) in relation to which submissions have
been made” presents some difficulties in interpretation. It is apparent that the Commission is
only required to have regard to a matter set out in subsection (8) if a submission is made about
it. It is less clear whether the Commission can only have regard to a matter in subsection (8) if
a submission is made in relation to the matter. The Revised Explanatory Memorandum for the
Fair Work Legislation Amendment (Closing Loopholes) Bill 2023 (Cth) indicated as follows:14
Matters to be considered if submissions are made: New subsection 306E(8) would set out
matters that the FWC may consider when deciding whether it is not fair and reasonable in all
the circumstances to make a regulated labour hire arrangement order for the purposes of new
subsection 306E(2). The FWC is only required to consider matters listed in new subsection (8)
where the parties have made submissions on these matters (new subsection 306E(2)).
[52] The Revised Explanatory Memorandum suggests that s 306E(8) sets out matters that the
Commission “may consider” when deciding whether it is not fair and reasonable to make an
order. Those matters include, in subsection (8)(f), “any other matter the FWC considers
relevant”. Although the language of s 306E(2) is somewhat obscure, we believe the better view
is that the Commission can have regard to a matter in s 306E(8) even if no submission is made
in relation to it. However, the Commission is only required to have regard to a matter as a
mandatory consideration15 if a submission has been made about it.
[53] In this instance, we are not aware of any matters which might support a conclusion that
it is not fair and reasonable to make an order in the form sought by the MEU other than the
three contentions advanced by WorkPac. Having considered the three contentions advanced by
WorkPac, we are not satisfied it is not fair and reasonable in all the circumstances to make an
order in the form sought by the MEU for the purposes of s 306E(2).
[54] In relation to the first contention, we understand WorkPac to submit that, in
circumstances in which the Rix’s Creek Agreement does not permit production employees to
be engaged other than on a Monday to Friday Roster, there is no “bargain” in relation to which
production employees rostered on the weekend or on a 7-day roster should be paid. To the
extent that the purpose of Part 2-7A is to protect the “bargain” contained in the industrial
instrument which applies to the host employer, it suggests that there is no bargain to protect
other than with respect to employees working a Monday to Friday Roster.
[55] We do not understand how that contention is made out or could support a conclusion
that it is not fair and reasonable to make an order covering all WorkPac employees. We accept
the submissions of the MEU that the supply of WorkPac employees to perform work at the
Rix’s Creek Mine undertaking the same kind of work as Rix’s Creek employees undermines
the job security of Rix’s Creek employees and undercuts the Rix’s Creek Agreement. Those
effects arise whether or not WorkPac employees work in accordance with roster arrangements
which are permitted by the Rix’s Creek Agreement or not. Indeed, arguably those effects are
more acute if WorkPac employees are supplied to perform work in a manner that avoids
restrictions on hours of work or rostering imposed by the Rix’s Creek Agreement.
[2025] FWCFB 12
19
[56] In relation to the second contention, WorkPac submits that it is not fair and reasonable
to disturb the “bargain” WorkPac and its employees have made in the terms of the Workpac
Coal Mining Agreement 2019 at least for employees engaged on a roster that is not permitted
under the Rix’s Creek Agreement. We understand the submission to be that it represents a
substantial step to make an order having the effect of imposing an obligation on WorkPac to
comply with rates of pay which depart substantially from those WorkPac has agreed with its
employees through an enterprise bargaining process under the Act.
[57] We acknowledge that the impact of a regulated labour hire arrangement order on a
labour hire employer can be substantial. However, that is a consequence of the provisions
Parliament has chosen to enact in Part 2-7A of the Act. In the circumstances of this matter, there
is no material before the Full Bench to suggest that it is not fair and reasonable to make an order
in the form sought by the MEU as a result of the impact on WorkPac or any WorkPac employee
performing work other than on a Monday to Friday Roster. In that respect, it is relevant that,
after the recent operational decision made by Rix’s Creek with effect from 2 September 2024,
all permanent WorkPac employees supplied to perform work at the Rix’s Creek Mine work on
the Monday to Friday, 8 hour and 10 minute Roster consistent with the Rix’s Creek Agreement.
There will, accordingly, be no immediate impact upon any WorkPac employees who are
performing work other than in accordance with roster arrangements permitted by the Rix’s
Creek Agreement.
[58] In relation to the third contention, we have already addressed the submission that there
is no basis to calculate the protected rate of pay for production employees engaged on anything
other than a Monday to Friday Roster under the Rix’s Creek Agreement. We do not accept that
is the case. In any event, as the MEU submitted, Part 2-7A provides a mechanism for resolving
disputes in relation to what the protected rate of pay for a regulated employee is in ss 306P and
306Q. In the circumstances of this matter, even if there is some uncertainty in relation to the
method by which the protected rate of pay for any employee is to be calculated, that does not
support a conclusion that it is not fair and reasonable to make an order in the form sought by
the MEU. That conclusion is supported by the fact that there are currently no WorkPac
employees performing work for Rix’s Creek in relation to whom the difficulty alluded to by
WorkPac would arise.
Conclusion and disposition
[59] For the reasons set out above, the Full Bench is required by s 306E of the Act to make
a regulated labour hire arrangement order as sought by the MEU and which applies to all
employees supplied by WorkPac to perform work at the Rix’s Creek Mine. The Full Bench will
publish the order together with this decision, setting out the matters specified in s 306E(9). The
operative date of the order will be the day on which the order is made consistent with s
306E(9)(e)(ii). No party submitted that the order should come into force on a later day. No party
submitted that the order should specify when it will cease to be in force for the purposes of s
306E(10). Accordingly, the order will also not contain such a specification.
[2025] FWCFB 12
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VICE PRESIDENT
Appearances:
K Endacott with M Taggart for the MEU
D Williams, MinterEllison, for WorkPac Mining Pty Ltd
A Gray, King & Wood Mallesons, for Rix’s Creek Pty Ltd
Hearing details:
19 November 2024.
Sydney.
Printed by authority of the Commonwealth Government Printer
LH 2000017 PR783393
1 Rix’s Creek Mine Enterprise Agreement 2021, clause 2.3.
2 Re Mining and Energy Union [2024] FWCFB 299; (2024) 333 IR 249 at [8]-[17].
3 Rix’s Creek Mine Enterprise Agreement 2021, clause 2.3.
4 See also definitions of “Non-Rostered Overtime”, “Overtime Rates”, “Rostered Overtime” in clause 4 of the Rix’s Creek
Mine Enterprise Agreement 2021.
5 Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth), ss 306P and 306Q.
6 Revised Explanatory Memorandum for the Fair Work Legislation Amendment (Closing Loopholes) Bill 2023 (Cth) at [602].
7 See, for example, Revised Explanatory Memorandum for the Fair Work Legislation Amendment (Closing Loopholes) Bill
2023 (Cth) at [604].
8 Alcan (NT) Alumina Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Territory Revenue [2009] HCA 41; (2009) 239 CLR 27 at [47] (Hayne,
Heydon, Crennan and Kiefel JJ); Certain Lloyd's Underwriters Subscribing to Contract No IH00AAQS v Cross [2012] HCA
56; (2012) 248 CLR 378 at [23]-[24] (French CJ and Hayne J).
9 Australian Education Union v Department of Education and Children’s Services [2012] HCA 3; (2012) 248 CLR 1 at [28]
(French CJ, Hayne, Kiefel and Bell JJ); Certain Lloyd's Underwriters Subscribing to Contract No IH00AAQS v Cross [2012]
HCA 56; (2012) 248 CLR 378 at [25]-[26] (French CJ and Hayne J).
MISSION THE SEAL OF THE WORK CO
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/decisionssigned/pdf/2024fwcfb299.pdf
[2025] FWCFB 12
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10 IW v City of Perth (1997) 191 CLR I at 12 (Brennan CJ and McHugh J).
11 See also Kingston v Keprose Pty Ltd (1987) 11 NSWLR 404 at 421 (McHuch JA), Taylor v Owners – Strata Plan No
11564 [2014] HCA 9; (2014) 253 CLR 531 at [60] (Gageler and Keane JJ) and Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Douglas
[2020] FCAFC 220; (2020) 282 FCR 204 at [90]-[91].
12 Legal Services Board v Gillespie-Jones [2013] HCA 35; (2013) 249 CLR 493 at [48] (French CJ, Hayne, Crennan and
Kiefel JJ).
13 Re Mining and Energy Union [2024] FWCFB 299; (2024) 333 IR 249 at [16].
14 Revised Explanatory Memorandum for the Fair Work Legislation Amendment (Closing Loopholes) Bill 2023 (Cth) at
[646].
15 In the sense discussed in Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24 at 39-40 (Mason J).
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/decisionssigned/pdf/2024fwcfb299.pdf
