[2020] FWCFB 1760
1
Fair Work Act 2009
s.157—Variation of a modern award to achieve the modern awards objective
Variation of awards on the initiative of the Commission
(AM2020/12)
Various industries
JUSTICE ROSS, PRESIDENT
VICE PRESIDENT HATCHER
VICE PRESIDENT CATANZARITI
DEPUTY PRESIDENT ASBURY
DEPUTY PRESIDENT CLANCY
COMMISSIONER SPENCER MELBOURNE, 1 APRIL 2020
Section 157(3) of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) – Commission acting on its own initiative to
vary certain modern awards to achieve the modern awards objective – additional measures
during COVID-19 pandemic – provisional views.
Chapters Paragraph
1. Background [1]
2. COVID-19 Pandemic [8]
Measures taken to restrict gathering and non-essential
business
[9]
The impact on business [22]
Professor Borland’s expert report [27]
3. Recent variations in modern awards [36]
4. The ‘regulatory gap’ [45]
5. Consideration [56]
Unpaid pandemic leave [57]
Annual leave at half pay [67]
Selected phase 1 awards [83]
The selected phase 1 awards [108]
6. Unpaid pandemic leave and the social safety net [112]
STATEMENT
E AUSTRALIA FairWork Commission
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7. Provisional views [122]
8. Next steps [125]
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1. Background
[1] This Statement is made in the context of the unique circumstances pertaining to the
COVID-19 pandemic and sets out our provisional views regarding the variation of 103
modern awards to provide an entitlement to unpaid ‘pandemic leave’ and the flexibility to
take annual leave at half pay. The variations proposed would operate until 30 June 2020 and
the awards we propose to vary are set out at [108].
[2] The variations are proposed on the Commission’s own initiative pursuant to s 157(3)
of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) (the Act) and do not preclude other variation applications
being made to modern awards to provide additional measures during the COVID-19
pandemic. Indeed we encourage the industrial parties to continue (or enter into) discussions
directed towards consent applications to vary modern awards. The Commission is available to
assist in facilitating those discussions on request.
[3] Full Benches of the Commission have recently made variations on an expedited basis
to the Hospitality Industry (General) Award 2010 (the Hospitality Award), the Clerks –
Private Sector Award 2010 (the Clerks–Private Sector Award) and the Restaurant Industry
Award 2010 (the Restaurant Award). Those variation applications had the support of the
major industrial parties. Further, these applications were supported by the Australian Council
of Trade Unions (the ACTU) and the Minister for Industrial Relations (the Minister).
[4] This matter will also be expedited, given the exigencies of the impact of the COVID-
19 pandemic. Any interested person wishing to respond to the provisional views in this
Statement is to lodge a written submission by 4pm on Monday 6 April 2020. Instructions for
filing submissions are in ‘Next steps’ below.
[5] If no submissions are received opposing our provisional views, in respect of the
proposed variation of a particular award or more generally, we will determine the matter and
make the variations proposed without holding a hearing.
[6] If a submission is received opposing our provisional views in respect of the proposed
variation of a particular award or more generally, a hearing will be held at 2pm on
Wednesday 8 April 2020 by telephone.
[7] The following documents have been published and inform the measures we propose to
take:
Information Note on modern awards and industries;
Information Note on bargaining by business size;
Information Note on Government responses to the COIVD-19 pandemic; and
Expert report by Professor Borland.
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/awardmod/variations/2020/am202012-information-note-flex-010420.pdf
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/resources/covid-19-information/information-note-government-responses-2020-03-30-1800.pdf
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/awardmod/variations/2020/am202012-information-note-bargaining-010420.pdf
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/awardmod/variations/2020/am202012-information-note-awards-industries-010420.pdf
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2. COVID-19 Pandemic
[8] The COVID-19 pandemic and the responses from governments, both federal and state,
initially put restrictions on some businesses and then forced many to close, with consequential
impacts on employees.
Measures taken to restrict gatherings and non-essential business1
[9] The Commission has published an information note on the Government responses to
the COVID-19 pandemic on its website. The information note outlines the measures taken by
both federal and state governments to put restrictions on social gatherings and non-essential
businesses, as well as the assistance provided to support businesses and households. The
Commission regularly updates the Information Notes to take account of recent developments.
The information below is taken from the Commission’s Information Note.
[10] The Commonwealth Government has initiated the following guidelines for social
distancing in order to stop or slow the spread of the disease:
avoid handshaking and kissing;
visit shops sparingly;
consider whether outings and travel are necessary;
reconsider non-essential business travel; and
the suspension of non-essential gatherings for an initial period of 4 weeks.
[11] On 13 March 2020, the Commonwealth and State Governments agreed to advise
against all non-essential organised public gatherings of more than 500 persons, effective from
16 March 2020. This did not impact schools, workplaces, hospitals, public transportation,
domestic travel and universities as well as public transient places such as shopping centres.
[12] In addition, on 18 March 2020, non-essential indoor gatherings of more than 100
people (including staff) and outdoor activities of more than 500 people were not to be
permitted. Essential gatherings include:
public transport;
medical and health care facilities, pharmacies, emergency service facilities;
correctional facilities, youth justice centres or other places of custody, courts and
tribunals;
1 See Media Statement, 24 March 2020, Prime Minister: https://www.pm.gov.au/media/update-coronavirus-measures-24-
March-2020; Media Statement, 26 March 2020, Prime Minister: https://www.pm.gov.au/media/further-statement-
hairdressers-barbers-and-funerals-national-cabinet; Media Statement, 27 March 2020, Prime Minister:
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/update-coronavirus-measures-270320; Media Statement, 29 March 2020, Prime Minister:
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/national-cabinet-statement; Media Statement, 30 March 2020, Prime Minister:
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/130-billion-jobkeeper-payment-keep-australians-job;
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/statement-update-coronavirus-measures
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/statement-update-coronavirus-measures
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/130-billion-jobkeeper-payment-keep-australians-job
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/national-cabinet-statement
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/update-coronavirus-measures-270320
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/further-statement-hairdressers-barbers-and-funerals-national-cabinet
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/further-statement-hairdressers-barbers-and-funerals-national-cabinet
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/update-coronavirus-measures-24-March-2020
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/update-coronavirus-measures-24-March-2020
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/update-coronavirus-measures
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/advice-coronavirus
https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2020/03/coronavirus-covid-19-information-on-social-distancing_0.pdf
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/resources/covid-19-information/information-note-government-responses-2020-03-30-1800.pdf
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/resources/covid-19-information/information-note-government-responses-2020-03-30-1800.pdf
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Parliaments;
food markets, supermarkets and grocery stores, shopping centres; and
office buildings, factories, construction sites and mining sites.
[13] For outdoor gatherings of fewer than 500 people, there must be no more than 1 person
per 4 square metres of ground space.
[14] On 20 March 2020, the Commonwealth announced that there must be a density of no
more than 1 person per 4 square metres of floor space for indoor gatherings.
[15] On 29 March 2020, the Commonwealth Government also announced a range of short-
term interventions within commercial and residential rental markets that involved a
moratorium on evictions of both residential and commercial tenancies for the next 6 months,
in cases where tenants are unable to meet their rental commitments due to the impact of
COVID-19. The Government also encouraged commercial tenants and landlords to engage in
discussions, supporting the survival of businesses and continuation of tenancies, including:
tenants and landlords are encouraged to agree on rent relief or temporary
amendments to the lease;
the reduction or waiver of rental payment for a defined period for impacted tenants;
the ability for tenants to terminate leases and/or seek mediation or conciliation on
the grounds of financial distress;
commercial property owners should ensure that any benefits received in respect of
their properties should also benefit their tenants in proportion to the economic
impact caused by coronavirus;
landlords and tenants not significantly affected by coronavirus are expected to
honor their lease and rental agreements; and
cost-sharing or deferral of losses between landlords and tenants, with
Commonwealth, state and territory governments, local government and financial
institutions to consider mechanisms to provide assistance.
[16] The guidelines also explain that, from midday local time on 23 March 2020,
restrictions on opening were placed on the following facilities:
pubs, registered and licensed clubs (excluding bottle shops attached to these
venues), hotels (excluding accommodation);
gyms and indoor sporting venues;
cinemas, entertainment venues, casinos and night clubs;
restaurants and cafes restricted to takeaway and/or home delivery; and
religious gatherings, places of worship or funerals (in enclosed spaces and other
than very small groups and where the 1 person per 4 square metre rule applies).
https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2020/03/coronavirus-covid-19-information-on-social-distancing_0.pdf
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/national-cabinet-statement
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/update-coronavirus-measures-0
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[17] Further measures, along with clarification of current guidelines, were announced on 24
March 2020 by the Commonwealth Government, which applied from 11.59pm local time on
25 March 2020. Restrictions on opening were placed on the following facilities:
food courts (takeaway and/or home delivery remain operational);
auction houses, real estate auctions and open house inspections (with the exception
of private appointments for inspection);
outdoor and indoor markets, which will be decision for each state/territory (food
markets continue to remain operational);
beauty therapy, tanning, waxing, nail salons, tattoo parlours, spa, and massage
parlours;
hairdressers and barber shops to only have appointments of up to 30 minutes and to
abide by the 1 person per 4 square metre rule;
o On 26 March 2020, the Commonwealth Government announced that
appointments would no longer be limited to 30 minutes per patron
(effective immediately) for barbers and hairdressers, but the 1 person per
4 square metre rule must be strictly observed.
gaming or gambling venues;
strip clubs, brothels and sex on premises venues;
concert venues, theatre, arenas, auditoriums, stadiums (live streaming of a
performance by a small group can be permissible with social distancing observed);
amusement parks, arcades and play centres (indoor and outdoor);
community and recreation centres except for those that host essential voluntary or
public services, such as food banks or homeless services;
health clubs, fitness centres, yoga, barre and spin facilities, saunas, bathhouses and
wellness centres;
boot camps, personal training operating inside (for outside events, limited to groups
of no more than 10 people and social distancing must be exercised);
social-sporting based activities and swimming pools;
residential facilities, such as hotels, hostels, bed and breakfasts, campsites, caravan
parks, and boarding houses to be a decision for each state and territory (excludes
permanent residents and workers);
galleries, museums, national institutions and historic sites;
libraries, community centres, and youth centres;
local government non-essential facilities and services (i.e., libraries and pools)
community facilities (i.e., community halls, RSLs, PCYCs);
weddings restricted to a maximum attendance of 5 people and where the 1 person
per 4 square metre rule applies; and
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/further-statement-hairdressers-barbers-and-funerals-national-cabinet
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/update-coronavirus-measures-24-March-2020
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funerals restricted to a maximum attendance of 10 people and where the 1 person
per 4 square metre rule applies.
[18] In addition, a ‘do not travel’ ban on Australians travelling overseas has been
implemented, with exemptions to citizens that ordinarily live overseas, where travel is
essential or necessary, where travel is in the national interest, and on compassionate and
humanitarian grounds.
[19] On 27 March 2020, the Commonwealth Government announced additional restrictions
for return travellers and enforcement that require travellers returning from overseas to
undertake a mandatory 14 days of self-isolation at designated facilities, to be enforced with
increasing compliance checks by state and federal police. Beginning from 11.59pm on
Saturday 28 March 2020, anyone who returns to Australia will be forced to quarantine in a
hotel or other accommodation for 14 days before being allowed to return home.
[20] On 29 March 2020, further measures from the Commonwealth Government advised
people to say at home unless partaking in one the following:
shopping for what you need - food and necessary supplies;
medical or health care needs, including compassionate requirements;
exercise in compliance with the public gathering requirements;
work and study, if it cannot be done remotely.
[21] The announcement limited both indoor and outdoor gatherings to a maximum of 2
persons with exceptions limited to the following:
people of the same household;
funerals – a maximum of 10 people;
weddings – a maximum of 5 people; and
family units.
The impact on business
[22] On 26 March 2020, the ABS released the first results from a survey of businesses on
the impacts of COVID-19.2
[23] The ‘Business Impacts of COVID-19’ publication surveyed 3000 businesses between
16 and 23 March 2020 using a subsample from the Business Indicators Survey. Stage 1
restrictions on social gatherings had been announced on 22 March 2020. The survey had a
response rate of 41 per cent, or 1217 businesses.
[24] Businesses were asked whether they were adversely impacted by COVID-19 in the
previous 2 weeks and if they anticipated adverse impacts in the coming months. Around half
(49 per cent) of businesses had experienced an adverse impact as a result of COVID-19 in the
2 ABS, Business Indicators, Business Impacts of COVID-19, March 2020, Catalogue No. 5676.0.55.003.
https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/5676.0.55.003Main%20Features1March%202020?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=5676.0.55.003&issue=March%202020&num=&view=
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/national-cabinet-statement
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/update-coronavirus-measures-270320
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preceding 2 weeks, while 86 per cent of businesses expected to be impacted in the coming
months (Chart 1).
Chart 1: Businesses adversely impacted by Coronavirus (COVID-19), current and
expected, by employment size, March 2020
Source: ABS, Business Indicators, Business Impacts of COVID-19, March 2020, Catalogue No. 5676.0.55.003,
[25] Adverse effects were most prevalent within the Accommodation and food services
industry, with 78 per cent of businesses reporting being impacted in the previous 2 weeks and
96 per cent expecting to be impacted in the coming months (Chart 2). A relatively high
proportion of businesses within the Arts and recreation services, Retail trade and Wholesale
trade industries also reported being adversely affected, as well as businesses in Health care
and social assistance and Information media and telecommunications. Conversely, the
industries least likely to report being adversely affected in the previous 2 weeks were
Professional, scientific & technical services (21 per cent), Electricity, gas and water supply
(34 per cent) and Mining (37 per cent).
0-19 persons 20-199 persons Current Expected 200 or more persons Total 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Proportion of businesses
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Chart 2: Businesses adversely impacted by Coronavirus (COVID-19), current and
expected, by industry, March 2020
Source: ABS, Business Indicators, Business Impacts of COVID-19, March 2020, Catalogue No. 5676.0.55.003,
[26] Of those businesses that reported being adversely affected, the most commonly cited
impact was a reduction in local demand (82 per cent), which was also the most commonly
cited impact anticipated in the coming months (81 per cent) (Chart 3). This was followed by
staff shortages, which was reported by 36 per cent of businesses, while 59 per cent expected
to experience staff shortages in coming months.
Mining Manufacturing Electricity, gas, water and waste services Construction Wholesale trade Retail trade Accommodation and food services Transport, postal and warehousing Information media and telecommunications Financial and insurance services Rental, hiring and real estate services Professional, scientific and technical services Administrative and support services Education and training Health care and social assistance Arts and recreation services Other services Total 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Proportion of businesses Current Expected
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Chart 3: Businesses adversely impacted by Coronavirus (COVID-19), current and
expected, by type of impact, March 2020
Source: ABS, Business Indicators, Business Impacts of COVID-19, March 2020, Catalogue No. 5676.0.55.003,
Professor Borland’s expert report
[27] Recently the Commission briefed Professor Borland (Truby Williams Professor of
Economics, University of Melbourne) to provide an expert report on the industries and sectors
most likely to be adversely affected in the short term by the response to the COVID-19
pandemic.
[28] The objective of the report was to assess which industries (and hence in which modern
awards) there might be the greatest potential immediate benefit from allowing extra flexibility
in employment arrangements during the period in which the COVID-19 pandemic is
impacting on the Australian labour market.
[29] The structure of the report is as follows:
Section 2 presents a brief background on the labour market impact of COVID-19 in
Australia.
Section 3 describes benefits from allowing greater flexibility in employment
arrangements during the pandemic.
Section 4 identifies industries where those benefits appear potentially most likely to
exist.
Section 5 translates the industry-level analysis to the framework of modern awards.
[30] In the report the term ‘allowing extra flexibility in employment arrangements’ means
that it may be possible to modify award provisions in order to make it easier for a worker’s
hours of work to be varied – for example, from full-time to part-time. The report notes:
‘Allowing extra flexibility in this way could mean that extra employees are able to be retained
in employment in response to a decrease in labour demand. For example, a business which
Reduced local demand Reduced international demand Reduced supply levels Current Increased supply costs Expected Staff shortages Other 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Proportion of businesses
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/awardmod/variations/2020/am202012-information-note-flex-010420.pdf
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used to hire three workers for 40 hours per week, and which during the pandemic only requires
40 hours of labour in total, might then be able to retain each of the three workers for 13 ⅓
hours per week, rather than needing to lay off two workers and retaining one worker in a full-
time position.
Retaining extra employees in employment has potential benefits for both the employee and an
employer. Employees who are laid off experience a variety of costs that do not occur (or are
smaller than) when they are retained at reduced hours – including loss of income; loss of firm-
specific human capital and skill atrophy; negative psychological effects; and the need to
undertake search activity to find a new job. Similarly, employers who layoff a worker and
subsequently need to hire a new worker to fill the vacancy created when demand conditions
improve will experience costs that do not occur when they can retain employees at reduced
hours – including loss of the value of firm-specific human capital accumulated by the worker;
and costs of searching for new worker and retraining.
The potential benefits of retaining employees during episodes such as the current pandemic
seems to represent are especially large. Many firms are experiencing a substantial decrease in
their demand for labour, but as the pandemic is controlled are likely to have the same level of
labour demand as before the pandemic. That reversal of the effect on labour demand, together
with what will hopefully be a shorter duration than an average downturn, makes it more
valuable for firms to retain an already trained worker and to not have to search for a new
worker.’3
[31] The report first identifies industries in which there is the largest potential immediate
negative impacts on employment. As the report notes, identifying where the largest negative
effects on employment are likely to occur is not straightforward. No data on recent changes in
employment are yet available. Hence, it is has been necessary to make the identification based
on the degree to which workers are likely to have been affected by government regulations
and other consequences of COVID-19.
[32] At table 1 of the report, industries that seem most likely to experience decreases in
employment as an immediate consequence of COVID-19 are listed. For each industry a brief
rationale is provided for why a decrease might be expected and the level of employment in
November 2019 (ABS, Labour Force Survey) is recorded.
[33] Broadly, the industries fall into three categories. The first category are industries
where there has been a decrease in labour demand due to government restrictions. The second
category are industries affected by a decrease in labour demand due to households reducing
their spending - for example, on semi-durable and durable goods. The third category are
industries where there have not yet been major decreases in labour demand, but where more
stringent government restrictions or other factors may cause a decrease in labour demand in
the future.
[34] The report links industries where adjustment to the decrease in labour demand might
occur via changes to hours of work as provided for in the modern award structure. The report
notes that the mapping is shown in the final column in Table 1 of the report.
3 Borland J (2020), Benefit from greater flexibility in employment arrangements, a report to the Fair Work Commission at
pp. 2–3.
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/awardmod/variations/2020/am202012-information-note-flex-010420.pdf
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[35] From the mapping it is possible to nominate a set of modern awards to prioritise for
the provision of additional flexibility given the number of workers affected.
From the first category of industries, the main modern awards are: Restaurant
Industry Award 2010; Fast Food Industry Award 2010; and Hospitality Industry
(General) Award 2010.
From the second category of industries, the main modern awards are: General Retail
Industry Award 2010; Vehicle Manufacturing, Repair, Services and Retail Award
2010.
For possible consideration in the longer-term, depending on the evolution of labour
demand, the Building and Construction General on-site Award 2010.
3. Recent variations of modern awards
[36] On 24 March 2020, a Full Bench granted an application to vary the Hospitality Award.
The reasons for that decision were published on 25 March 20204 (the Hospitality Decision).
On 28 March 2020, a Full Bench granted an application to vary the Clerks–Private Sector
Award and the reasons for that decision were published on 28 March 20205 (the Clerks–
Private Sector Decision).
[37] The Hospitality Decision varied the Hospitality Award with effect from 24 March
2020 to provide additional award flexibility during the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to:
the range of duties employees can be required to perform;
reduction of ordinary hours of work for full-time and part-time employees; and
employees being directed to take annual leave, and employees by agreement taking
twice the amount of annual leave at half pay.
[38] The Clerks–Private Sector Decision varied the Clerks–Private Sector Award with
effect from 28 March 2020 to provide additional award flexibility during the COVID-19
pandemic in relation to:
the range of duties employees can be required to perform;
the minimum engagement for part-time and casual employees working from home;
the spread of ordinary hours of work of day workers working from home;
temporary reduction of ordinary hours by agreement;
employees being directed to take annual leave, and employees by agreement taking
up to twice the amount of annual leave at a proportionately reduced pay rate; and
4 [2020] FWCFB 1574
5 [2020] FWCFB 1690
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/awardsandorders/html/pr598110.htm
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a reduced notice period for close-down.
[39] It is important to note that these variation applications were made with the consent of
the major unions and with the support of both the ACTU and the Minister. As noted in the
Hospitality Decision the consent of the key industrial parties was the central consideration in
adopting a truncated hearing process. In that decision the Full Bench also said:
‘[14] In the event that this application had been contested then, plainly, different
considerations would have been enlivened, necessitating a more protracted hearing
process than the one we have adopted in this matter.’6
[40] On 30 March 2020 Restaurant and Catering Industrial made an application to vary the
Restaurant Award, with the support of the UWU and the ACTU. It sought a variation to
provide additional award flexibilities during the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to:
the range of duties employees can be required to perform;
the reduction of ordinary hours of work for full-time and part-time employees;
employees being directed to take accrued annual leave with 24 hours’ notice, subject
to considering an employees’ personal circumstances;
employees, by agreement, taking up to twice the amount of the accrued annual leave at
half pay; and
a reduction in the notice period for a close-down.
[41] At about 4:30pm on 30 March 2020, a Full Bench of the Commission published a
statement7 setting out its provisional view that the Restaurant Award be varied in the terms
sought in the application.
[42] No submissions were filed opposing the Full Bench’s provisional view and on 31
March 2020 the Full Bench published a decision8 varying the Restaurant Award in the terms
sought in the application.
[43] In addition to these variations of modern awards the ACTU’s website records that a
number of businesses have granted employees access to special paid sick leave and additional
support. The businesses listed on the website include:
Officeworks;
Telstra;
Woolworths;
6 [2020] FWCFB 1574 at [14]
7 [2020] FWCFB 1715
8 [2020] FWCFB 1741
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Target;
Kmart;
Westpac;
CBA;
ANZ;
SBS;
Google;
BUPA;
Crown Resorts (Crown Melbourne & Crown Perth);
Port Waratah Coal Service;
Port of Newcastle;
Komatsu;
Thales;
Stramit;
Aurizon;
SA Power networks;
Australia Post;
NAB;
ME Bank;
DHL Logistics;
NewsCorp;
Nestle;
Boeing;
Nando’s; and
a number of universities.
[44] The measures we are proposing to take are not intended to disturb the initiatives that
are being taken by businesses to ameliorate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on
employees.
4. The ‘regulatory gap’
[45] During March 2020 the media has reported many business close-downs or partial
close-downs, with employees being laid off or stood down, taking or being required to take
paid or unpaid leave, working reduced hours, or working from home.
[46] To contain the spread of COVID-19 and to ‘flatten the curve’ in order to reduce
pressure on the health system, employees may be requested or required to self-isolate for 14
days.
[47] ‘Self-isolation’ is generally used in Australia to refer to circumstances both where a
person may have been exposed to COVID-19 but is not known to be infected and where a
person has been diagnosed with COVID-19 but is not ill enough to require hospitalisation (see
[2020] FWCFB 1760
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Dept of Health) — although strictly speaking, the former is ‘quarantine’ and the latter is
‘isolation’ (see RACGP).
[48] Employees who have contracted COVID-19 may have an entitlement to paid
personal/carer’s leave under the National Employment Standards (NES) (see ss 95–101 of the
Act). But the number of employees able to utilise paid personal/carer’s leave to cover a period
of self-isolation is likely to be limited, because:
the NES entitlement does not apply to casuals (s 95);
the NES entitlement is to 10 days’ paid leave for each year of service and it is likely
that a significant proportion of employees will have used some of their entitlement and
have less than 10 days’ paid leave available;
the NES entitlement accrues progressively during a year of service (hence employees
with less than 12 months’ service will have an entitlement to less than 10 days’ paid
leave); and
under the NES an employee may take paid personal/carer’s leave if the leave is taken,
relevantly, ‘because the employee is not fit for work because of personal illness’
(s 97(a)). However, an employee may be required to self-isolate because they have
been exposed to someone infected with COVID-19, although the employee has not
tested positive to COVID-19, is not displaying any symptoms and is not unfit for work
‘because of personal illness.’
[49] Some employees required to self-isolate may be able to access paid or unpaid leave.
[50] But for most award-covered employees this will depend upon the agreement of their
employer. If the employer does not consent the employee may be placed in the invidious
position of either contravening public health directions or guidelines, or placing their
employment in jeopardy.
[51] Unfair dismissal protections do not extend to all employees, being limited to those
employees ‘protected from unfair dismissal’ within the meaning of s.382 of the Act. A wider
range of employees may be protected from dismissal under the general protections in the Act,
if they have actually contracted COVID-19. Section 352 of the Act provides:
Temporary absence--illness or injury
An employer must not dismiss an employee because the employee is
temporarily absent from work because of illness or injury of a kind prescribed
by the regulations.
Note: This section is a civil remedy provision (see Part 4-1).
[52] The Fair Work Regulations 2009 (the Regulations) prescribe kinds of illness or injury
for the purposes of s 352. Regulation 3.01 provides:
https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/gp-opinion/so-you-have-been-asked-to-self-isolate-or-quaranti
https://www.health.gov.au/news/health-alerts/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-health-alert/how-to-protect-yourself-and-others-from-coronavirus-covid-19/self-isolation-self-quarantine-for-coronavirus-covid-19
[2020] FWCFB 1760
16
Temporary absence--illness or injury
(1) For section 352 of the Act, this regulation prescribes kinds of illness or injury.
Note: Under section 352 of the Act, an employer must not dismiss an employee
because the employee is temporarily absent from work because of illness or injury of a
kind prescribed by the regulations.
(2) A prescribed kind of illness or injury exists if the employee provides a medical
certificate for the illness or injury, or a statutory declaration about the illness or injury,
within:
(a) 24 hours after the commencement of the absence; or
(b) such longer period as is reasonable in the circumstances.
Note: The Act defines medical certificate in section 12.
(3) A prescribed kind of illness or injury exists if the employee:
(a) is required by the terms of a workplace instrument:
(i) to notify the employer of an absence from work; and
(ii) to substantiate the reason for the absence; and
(b) complies with those terms.
(4) A prescribed kind of illness or injury exists if the employee has provided the
employer with evidence, in accordance with paragraph 107(3)(a) of the Act, for taking
paid personal/carer’s leave for a personal illness or personal injury, as mentioned in
paragraph 97(a) of the Act.
Note: Paragraph 97(a) of the Act provides that an employee may take paid
personal/carer’s leave if the leave is taken because the employee is not fit for work
because of a personal illness, or personal injury, affecting the employee.
(5) An illness or injury is not a prescribed kind of illness or injury if:
(a) either:
(i) the employee’s absence extends for more than 3 months; or
(ii) the total absences of the employee, within a 12 month period, have
been more than 3 months (whether based on a single illness or injury or
separate illnesses or injuries); and
[2020] FWCFB 1760
17
(b) the employee is not on paid personal/carer’s leave (however described) for
a purpose mentioned in paragraph 97(a) of the Act for the duration of the
absence.
(6) In this regulation, a period of paid personal/carer’s leave (however described) for a
purpose mentioned in paragraph 97(a) of the Act does not include a period when the
employee is absent from work while receiving compensation under a law of the
Commonwealth, a State or a Territory that is about workers’ compensation.
[53] As with paid personal leave, it appears that the protection against dismissal under
s 352 may not apply to an employee required to self-isolate because they have been exposed
to someone infected with COVID-19, if the employee has not tested positive to COVID-19, is
not displaying any symptoms and is not unfit for work because of personal illness.
[54] The gaps in leave entitlements and protections against dismissal outlined above could
be addressed for employees to whom awards apply, by providing an entitlement to unpaid
‘pandemic leave’ if employees are required to self-isolate or are otherwise prevented from
attending work where they are required by their employer to attend, by measures taken by
government or medical authorities in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. As well as
providing an entitlement to leave to employees who have no existing leave entitlements
available to them in these circumstances, such a new leave entitlement would supplement
existing leave entitlements and constitute a ‘workplace right’ for the purposes of the general
protections under the Act.
[55] The unpaid pandemic leave we are proposing is intended to be a short-term measure to
address the ‘regulatory gap’ outlined above.
5. Consideration
[56] We are proposing to insert a new Schedule: Schedule X – Additional measures during
the COVID-19 pandemic into selected modern awards. The new schedule will operate until
30 June 2020 (unless extended on application or on the initiative of the Commission). The
two additional measures in the Schedule are unpaid pandemic leave and the ability to take
twice the amount of annual leave at half pay.
Unpaid pandemic leave
[57] As we have mentioned there is a ‘gap’ in the award safety net concerning employees
who are required to self-isolate.
[58] We have drafted a model term to address that gap.
[59] The proposed provision for unpaid pandemic leave is as follows:
X.2.1 Unpaid pandemic leave
(a) Subject to clauses X.2.1(b) and (c), any employee may elect to take up
to 2 weeks’ unpaid leave if the employee is required, by government or
[2020] FWCFB 1760
18
medical authorities or acting on medical advice, to self-isolate or is
otherwise prevented from working by measures taken by government
or medical authorities in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in
circumstances where the employee is required to work at premises
operated by an employer.
(b) The employee must give their employer notice of the taking of leave
under clause X.2.1(a) and of the reason the employee requires the
leave, as soon as practicable (which may be a time after the leave has
started).
(c) An employee who has given their employer notice of taking leave
under clause X.2.1(a) must, if required by the employer, give the
employer evidence that would satisfy a reasonable person that the leave
is taken for a reason given in clause X.2.1(a).
(d) Leave taken under clause X.2.1(a) does not affect any other paid or
unpaid leave entitlement of the employee and counts as service for the
purposes of entitlements under this Award and the National
Employment Standards.
NOTE 1: A employee covered by this Award who is entitled to the benefit of clause
X.2.1 has a workplace right under section 341(1)(a) of the Act.
NOTE 2: Under section 340(1) of the Act, an employer must not take adverse action
against an employee because the employee has a workplace right, has or has not
exercised a workplace right, or proposes or does not propose to exercise a workplace
right, or to prevent the employee exercising a workplace right. Under section 342(1) of
the Act, an employer takes adverse action against an employee if the employer
dismisses the employee, injures the employee in his or her employment, alters the
position of the employee to the employee’s prejudice, or discriminates between the
employee and other employees of the employer.
NOTE 3: Under section 343(1) of the Act, a person must not organise or take, or
threaten to organise or take, action against another person with intent to coerce the
person to exercise or not exercise, or propose to exercise or not exercise, a workplace
right, or to exercise or propose to exercise a workplace right in a particular way.
[60] The proposed term seeks to strike a balance between the various interests and has been
drafted so that the unpaid pandemic leave entitlement:
will be available in full immediately, rather than accruing progressively during a
year of service;
will only be available until 30 June 2020 (unless extended by further variation
dependant on the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic);
will be available to full-time, part-time and casual employees (not pro-rated); and
it will not be necessary for employees to exhaust their paid leave entitlements
before accessing unpaid pandemic leave.
[2020] FWCFB 1760
19
[61] In relation to the last point we note that the approach proposed is consistent with that
taken by the Commission in relation to unpaid domestic violence leave.9
[62] As a practical matter, we think that award-reliant employees are likely to access any
available paid leave entitlements before utilising an entitlement to unpaid pandemic leave but
we do not think it appropriate to mandate such an approach. Further, to require employees to
access any paid leave entitlement before accessing unpaid pandemic leave would introduce an
unwarranted degree of complexity into the proposed award term.
[63] By addressing the ‘regulatory gap’ the new entitlement to unpaid pandemic leave will
enable more people to remain in employment. We note that the common objective of the
participants in the recent Hospitality, Private-Sector Clerical and Restaurant proceedings
(including ACCI, ACTU, Ai Group and the Minister) has been to retain as many employees
in employment as practicable in the current crisis.
[64] The proposed entitlement will also support the important public policy objective of
encouraging those who should self-isolate, to do so and thereby limit the spread of COVID-19
in workplaces allowing businesses to continue to operate.
[65] We acknowledge that the proposed unpaid pandemic leave may be regarded, by some,
as a minimalist measure. It does not operate on a ‘per occasion’ basis and hence may not
assist those employees compelled to self-isolate on more than one occasion. Nor does it
provide an entitlement to those caring for others who are compelled to self-isolate. But the
proposed term is intended to provide a quick response to the current crisis and, in our view,
the limited measure we propose is likely to attract broader support.
[66] Further consideration can be given to the scope of the proposed term at a later stage, if
the circumstances so warrant.
Annual leave at half pay
[67] Annual leave was dealt with as a common issue during the 4 yearly review of modern
awards. In decisions issued in July 201510 and September 2015,11 the Full Bench determined
model terms in respect of, relevantly:
granting annual leave in advance; and
excessive annual leave.
[68] The Annual Leave Full Bench inserted a new annual leave in advance clause into 121
awards.12 Under the annual leave in advance clause, an employee can take a period of annual
leave in advance if all of the following conditions are met:
9 [2018] FWCFB 1691 at [253] – [269]
10 [2015] FWCFB 3406
11 [2015] FWCFB 5771
12 At the time there were 122 modern awards. There are now 121. Only 1 award does not include an annual leave in advance
provision.
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/decisionssigned/html/2015fwcfb5771.htm
https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/decisionssigned/html/2015fwcfb3406.htm
[2020] FWCFB 1760
20
the employer and the employee must make a written agreement to the employee
taking the period of leave in advance
the written agreement must state the amount of leave to be taken in advance and the
date on which the leave will commence and
the written agreement must be signed by both the employer and employee (and a
parent/guardian if the employee is under 18).
[69] The employer must keep a copy of the written agreement as an employee record.
[70] The Annual Leave Full Bench also inserted a model term in relation to excessive leave
in 112 modern awards. Under the excessive leave award clause an employee has an excessive
leave accrual if:
the employee has accrued more than 8 weeks’ paid annual leave, or
for a shiftworker if they have accrued more than 10 weeks’ paid annual leave.
[71] Where an employee has an excessive leave accrual, the employer must seek to confer
with the employee and genuinely try to reach agreement on how to reduce or eliminate the
excessive leave accrual. If an agreement cannot be reached, an employer can direct an
employee to take one or more periods of annual leave subject to certain conditions. The
direction:
must be in writing;
is of no effect if it would result at any time in the employee’s remaining paid annual
leave balance being less than 6 weeks when any other paid annual leave
arrangements are taken into account;
must not require the employee to take any period of paid annual leave of less than
one week;
must not require the employee to take a period of annual leave beginning less than 8
weeks or more than 12 months, after the direction is given; and
must not be inconsistent with any leave arrangement agreed by the employer and
employee.
[72] The proposed Schedule X includes a model term providing additional flexibility in
respect of annual leave. In short it provides that an employer and employee may agree to take
up to twice as much annual leave at half the rate of pay. We note that such a provision has
recently been inserted into the Hospitality Award, the Clerks – Private Sector Award and the
Restaurant Award.
[73] The term we are proposing to insert in the selected modern awards is as follows:
X.2.2 Annual leave at half pay
[2020] FWCFB 1760
21
(a) Instead of an employee taking paid annual leave on full pay, the employee and
their employer may agree to the employee taking twice as much leave on half
pay.
(b) Any agreement to take twice as much annual leave at half pay must be
recorded in writing and retained as an employee record.
EXAMPLE: Instead of an employee taking one week’s annual leave on full pay, the
employee and their employer may agree to the employee taking 2 weeks’ annual leave
on half pay. In this example:
the employee’s full pay for the 2 weeks’ leave is the same as the pay the employee
would have been entitled to for 1 weeks’ leave on full pay (including leave loading
under the Annual Leave clause of this award); and
one week of leave is deducted from the employee’s annual leave accrual.
(Underlining added).
NOTE 1: A employee covered by this Award who is entitled to the benefit of clause
X.2.2 has a workplace right under section 341(1)(a) of the Act.
NOTE 2: Under section 340(1) of the Act, an employer must not take adverse action
against an employee because the employee has a workplace right, has or has not
exercised a workplace right, or proposes or does not propose to exercise a workplace
right, or to prevent the employee exercising a workplace right. Under section 342(1) of
the Act, an employer takes adverse action against an employee if the employer
dismisses the employee, injures the employee in his or her employment, alters the
position of the employee to the employee’s prejudice, or discriminates between the
employee and other employees of the employer.
NOTE 3: Under section 343(1) of the Act, a person must not organise or take, or
threaten to organise or take, action against another person with intent to coerce the
person to exercise or not exercise, or propose to exercise or not exercise, a workplace
right, or to exercise or propose to exercise a workplace right in a particular way.
[74] Proposed clause X.2.2(b) is to ensure that there is a record of the agreement in order to
protect the interests of both parties and to minimise the risk of subsequent disputation. We
note that Regulation 3.36 (with s. 535) requires employers to keep a record of any leave taken
by an employee entitled to leave and to record the balance of the employee’s entitlement to
that leave from time to time.
[75] The underlined words in the example in the proposed clause X.2.2 would only be
included in those modern awards that currently contain a term providing for annual leave
loading.
[76] Subsection 93(4) of the Act provides:
Terms about taking paid annual leave
[2020] FWCFB 1760
22
(4) A modern award or enterprise agreement may include terms otherwise dealing
with the taking of paid annual leave.’ (emphasis added)
[77] Section 93 is part of the NES. Modern awards and the NES interact in different ways:
A modern award may include any terms that the award is expressly permitted to
include by a provision of Part 2-2 (which deals with the NES) (ss.55(2) and
136(1)(c)).13
A modern award may include terms that:
(i) are ancillary or incidental to the operation of an entitlement of an
employee under the NES; or
(ii) terms that supplement the NES (s.55(4)).
[78] In relation to X.2.2(a) we note section 55(4) of the Act provides:
Ancillary and supplementary terms may be included
(4) A modern award or enterprise agreement may also include the following kinds
of terms:
(a) terms that are ancillary or incidental to the operation of an entitlement
of an employee under the National Employment Standards;
(b) terms that supplement the National Employment Standards;
but only to the extent that the effect of those terms is not detrimental to an
employee in any respect, when compared to the National Employment
Standards.
Note 1:Ancillary or incidental terms permitted by paragraph (a) include (for
example) terms:
(a) under which, instead of taking paid annual leave at the rate of
pay required by section 90, an employee may take twice as much
leave at half that rate of pay; or
(b) that specify when payment under section 90 for paid annual leave
must be made.
Note 2:Supplementary terms permitted by paragraph (b) include (for example)
terms:
13 Section 127 provides that the Regulations may permit modern awards to include terms that would or might otherwise be
contrary to Part 2-2 or s.55, or prohibit modern awards from including terms that would or might otherwise be permitted
by Part 2-2 or s.55. No such regulations have been made
[2020] FWCFB 1760
23
(a) that increase the amount of paid annual leave to which an employee
is entitled beyond the number of weeks that applies under section 87;
or
(b) that provide for an employee to be paid for taking a period of paid
annual leave or paid/personal carer’s leave at a rate of pay that is
higher than the employee’s base rate of pay (which is the rate
required by sections 90 and 99).
Note 3:Terms that would not be permitted by paragraph (a) or (b) include (for
example) terms requiring an employee to give more notice of the taking
of unpaid parental leave than is required by section 74. [Emphasis
added]
[79] It is our provisional view that the proposed annual leave on half pay provision is
permitted by s.55(4) as an ancillary or incidental term and, insofar as the provision deals with
annual leave loading, as a term that supplements the NES. The proposed term is consistent
with the example given in Note 1 to s.55(4).
[80] We have considered whether to include a broader range of measures to provide greater
flexibility, such as:
the capacity for employers to direct employees to take annual leave; and
measures to facilitate reductions in the working hours of full-time and part-time
employees.
[81] But, as we have mentioned, we have adopted a more limited approach at this stage to
provide a quick response to the current crisis and in an effort to attract broad support for the
measures proposed. We would also observe that most awards which provide for part-time
employment allow for changes in the hours of part-time employees by agreement. Also, in
most modern awards there is no impediment to an employee reaching an agreement with their
employer to move from full-time to part-time employment. Further, drafting a model term
about reducing working hours would be complicated by the range of existing terms dealing
with working hours in modern awards.
[82] For the moment, we think that these matters are best addressed by discussions between
the industrial parties and consent variations of modern awards. As has been our practice to
date, we will continue to expedite the determination of such applications.
Selected phase 1 awards
[83] We envisage that the variation of modern awards to include proposed Schedule X will
occur in more than one phase.
[84] In selecting the awards to be included in phase 1 we have had regard to:
[2020] FWCFB 1760
24
the industries (and associated modern awards) that are likely to be impacted by the
COVID-19 pandemic in the short and medium term (the ABS data and Professor
Borland’s expert report are relevant in this regard);
awards which have a significant proportion of award-reliant employees; and
awards with a high proportion of small businesses.
[85] We expand on each of these issues below.
(i) Industries (modern awards) impacted in the short and medium term
[86] The ABS publication Business Impacts of COVID-19 referred to earlier notes that
around half of businesses had experienced an adverse impact as a result of COVID-19 in the
two weeks preceding 23 March 2020. Adverse effects were most prevalent in
Accommodation and food services with 78% of businesses reporting an adverse impact and
96% expecting to be impacted in the coming months. A relatively high proportion of
businesses within Arts and recreation services, Retail trade and Wholesale trade industries
also reported being adversely affected, as well as businesses in Health care and social
assistance and Information media and telecommunications. Of the businesses that reported
being adversely affected, the most prominently cited impact was a reduction in local demand.
Professor Borland’s report is broadly consistent with the ABS data.
[87] In addition to the impact on business, employees interacting with the public are more
likely to be exposed to COVID-19 and hence more likely to benefit from the provision of
pandemic leave. Such employees would include those in health care, social assistance,
education and retail.
(ii) Awards with a significant degree of award-reliance
[88] The Commission has published an Information Note – Modern awards and industries,
which sets out the modern awards and their corresponding industries, as determined by the
Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC). This classification
allows for statistics to be provided across a consistent definition of industries. The note also
provides information on award reliance and business size within each industry.
[89] Chart 4 ranks the 19 industries by award reliance. This refers to employees paid
exactly the award rate, and no more than this rate. The industries with the highest proportions
paid the award rate (award reliant) are Accommodation and food services; Administrative and
support services; Other services; Health care and social assistance; and Retail trade.
[2020] FWCFB 1760
25
Chart 4: Award reliance by industry
Note: Data are for non-managerial employees. Source: ABS, Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2018, Catalogue No. 6306.0.
[90] The Fair Work Commission Research Report 6/2013—Award reliance (Award
reliance report), undertaken by the Workplace Research Centre at the University of Sydney in
collaboration with ORC International, reported findings from the Award reliance survey.14
The survey was undertaken between January and April 2013 and comprised a sample of non-
public sector organisations that operated in the national workplace relations system.15 The
focus of the Award reliance survey was to quantitatively investigate award reliance across and
within Australian non-public sector organisations that operated under the national workplace
relations system, and to identify the mix or ‘categories’ of award-reliant employees and their
location on award classification scales.
[91] As part of the report, the survey found that the most common modern awards among
employees were:
Hospitality Industry (General) Award 2010;
Clerks Private Sector Award 2010;
General Retail Industry Award 2010; and
Cleaning Services Award 2010.16
14 Wright S and Buchanan J (2013), Award reliance, Fair Work Commission, Research Report 6/2013 can be found on the
Fair Work Commission website: https://www.fwc.gov.au/awards-and-agreements/minimum-wages-conditions/annual-
wage-reviews/annual-wage-review-2013-14-2.
15 Wright S and Buchanan J (2013), Award reliance, Fair Work Commission, Research Report 6/2013, December,
Melbourne, p. 29. See section 2.3 for a detailed discussion on sample design and selection.
16 See Table F.36 in Appendix F, p. 181.
Accommodation and food services 44.9 Administrative and support services 41.3 Other services 38.1 Health care and social assistance 31.7 Retail trade 30.1 Rental, hiring and real estate services 29.4 All industries 22.5 Arts and recreation services 22.5 Manufacturing 20.8 Construction 16.6 Wholesale trade 16.1 Transport, postal and warehousing 12.7 Public administration and safety 10.9 Education and training 10.0 Professional, scientific and technical services 8.0 Information media and telecommunications 7.1 Finance and insurance services 5.2 Electricity, gas, water and waste services 4.1 Mining 0.9 Per cent 0 10 20 30 40 50
https://www.fwc.gov.au/awards-and-agreements/minimum-wages-conditions/annual-wage-reviews/annual-wage-review-2013-14-2
https://www.fwc.gov.au/awards-and-agreements/minimum-wages-conditions/annual-wage-reviews/annual-wage-review-2013-14-2
[2020] FWCFB 1760
26
[92] In 2012, the Commission undertook a project that ‘mapped’ modern awards to the
industries categorised by the ANZSIC to assist with statistical analysis of modern awards.17
[93] The Information Note lists the 19 ANZSIC industries and the modern awards assigned
to each industry. Most modern awards are only mapped to one industry, however, there are
some instances where certain modern awards are mapped to multiple industries. This is
because the modern awards and ANZSIC industries do not have a direct correlation, and some
overlap exists. It highlights that the relationships between ANZSIC and modern awards is not
perfect.
[94] The mapping exercise was undertaken at the 4-digit, or industry class, level which is
more detailed than the 1-digit industry level. Firstly, the industries were selected. Those
modern awards deemed to be ‘primary awards’ for that industry were allocated to the
corresponding industry. In some instances, modern awards were not allocated as a ‘primary
award’ to any of the 19 industries listed and instead the modern award itself rather than the
industry was first selected and from there the ‘primary’ or ‘secondary’ industry for that
modern award was determined. For more detail see https://www.fwc.gov.au/awards-and-
agreements/minimum-wages-conditions/annual-wage-reviews/previous-wage-reviews/annual-
wa-0.
[95] For each industry, the Information Note sets out the proportion of businesses by size
(at June 2019, excluding non-employing businesses)18 and the proportion of employees by
method of setting pay.19
[96] Modern awards exhibiting a significant level of award-reliance have been prioritised
for variation.
(i) Small businesses
[97] The objects of the Act require that we take into account ‘the special circumstances of
small and medium sized businesses’ (s 3(g)).
[98] Absent the insertion of the proposed annual leave on half pay term, such businesses
could only permit their award-covered employees to take twice their annual leave at half pay
by entering into an enterprise agreement. As the Commission noted in the 4 yearly review of
modern awards – Annual Leave Decision20 there are a number of practical impediments to
small businesses engaging in collective bargaining.
[99] The Commission published an Information Note – Bargaining by business size which
provides data on employee bargaining by business size using the Australian Bureau of
Statistics (ABS) Employee Earnings and Hours (EEH) publication.
17 Preston M, Pung A, Leung E, Casey C, Dunn A and Richter O (2012) ‘Analysing modern award coverage using the
Australian and New Zealand Industrial Classification 2006: Phase 1 report’, Research Report 2/2012, Fair Work
Australia
18 ABS, Counts of Australian Businesses, including Entries and Exits, June 2015 to June 2019, Catalogue No. 8165.0.
19 ABS, Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2018, Catalogue No. 6306.0.
20 [2015] FWCFB 3406
https://www.fwc.gov.au/awards-and-agreements/minimum-wages-conditions/annual-wage-reviews/previous-wage-reviews/annual-wa-0
https://www.fwc.gov.au/awards-and-agreements/minimum-wages-conditions/annual-wage-reviews/previous-wage-reviews/annual-wa-0
https://www.fwc.gov.au/awards-and-agreements/minimum-wages-conditions/annual-wage-reviews/previous-wage-reviews/annual-wa-0
[2020] FWCFB 1760
27
[100] The ABS’s EEH publication collects information on a range of data including the
number of employees by method of setting pay and in what business sizes they are employed
in Australia.
[101] The methods of setting pay collected are:
award only;
collective agreement;
individual arrangement; and
owner manager of incorporated enterprise.
[102] The ABS’s EEH publication collects business size data according to the following size
splits:
Under 20 employees;
20-49 employees;
50-99 employees;
100-999 employees; and
1000 and over employees.
[103] The size splits collected reflect the ABS’s definition of a small business which is
defined by the ABS as a business that employs fewer than 20 persons. Accordingly, this is the
definition adopted in the Information note. We note that the Act has a different definition of
‘small business;’ s.23 of the Act defines a national system employer as small business
employer if the employer employs fewer than 15 employees.21
[104] To examine the extent of employee bargaining by business size, an analysis of the
‘collective agreement’ and ‘individual arrangement’ categories was undertaken using ABS
EEH data. The data show that in May 2018, the majority of non-managerial employees in
small businesses were employed on individual arrangements, with a small proportion on
collective agreements (Chart 5). The number of non-managerial employees in small
businesses on collective agreements and individual arrangements were 65 400 and 1 379 100,
respectively.
21 Fair Work Act 2009, s.23.
[2020] FWCFB 1760
28
Chart 5: Proportion of non-managerial employees with their pay set by collective
agreements and individual arrangements by business size, May 2018
Note: Data on method of setting pay by business size exclude owner managers of incorporated businesses. Source: ABS,
Employee Earnings and Hours, Australia, May 2018, Catalogue No. 6306.0.
[105] Chart 5 shows that there is a positive correlation between business size and collective
agreements, with an increase in business size associated with an increase in the proportion of
non-managerial employees on collective agreements. Conversely, there is a negative
correlation between business size and individual arrangements, with an increase in business
size associated with a decrease in the proportion of non-managerial employees on individual
arrangements.
[106] Relatively few employees employed in small businesses are covered by a collective
agreement. This supports our earlier observation about the practical impediments facing small
businesses that wish to enter into such agreements. A modern award variation of the type we
propose will ensure that small businesses and their employees have access to the additional
annual leave flexibility and to unpaid pandemic leave.
[107] We have prioritised those modern awards which cover a high proportion of small
businesses.
The selected phase 1 modern awards
Phase 1 modern awards
[108] Taking into account the considerations set out above we propose to vary the following
modern awards:
Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services Award 2010
Aged Care Award 2010
Air Pilots Award 2010
80 Per cent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Under 20 20 - 49 employees 50 - 99 employees 100 - 999 1 000 and over Total employees employees employees Collective agreements Individual arrangements
[2020] FWCFB 1760
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Aircraft Cabin Crew Award 2010
Airline Operations-Ground Staff Award 2010
Airport Employees Award 2010
Alpine Resorts Award 2010
Aluminium Industry Award 2020
Ambulance and Patient Transport Industry Award 2020
Amusement, Events and Recreation Award 2010
Animal Care and Veterinary Services Award 2020
Aquaculture Industry Award 2020
Architects Award 2010
Asphalt Industry Award 2010
Banking, Finance and Insurance Award 2020
Book Industry Award 2020
Broadcasting, Recorded Entertainment and Cinemas Award 2010
Business Equipment Award 2010
Car Parking Award 2020
Cement, Lime and Quarrying Award 2010
Cemetery Industry Award 2020
Children’s Services Award 2010
Cleaning Services Award 2010
Clerks - Private Sector Award 2010
Commercial Sales Award 2010
Concrete Products Award 2010
Contract Call Centres Award 2010
Corrections and Detention (Private Sector) Award 2020
Cotton Ginning Award 2020
Dry Cleaning and Laundry Industry Award 2010
Educational Services (Post-Secondary Education) Award 2010
Educational Services (Schools) General Staff Award 2010
Educational Services (Teachers) Award 2010
Electrical, Electronic and Communications Contracting Award 2010
Electrical Power Industry Award 2020
Fast Food Industry Award 2010
Fire Fighting Industry Award 2010
Fitness Industry Award 2010
Food, Beverage and Tobacco Manufacturing Award 2010
Funeral Industry Award 2010
Gardening and Landscaping Services Award 2020
General Retail Industry Award 2010
Graphic Arts, Printing and Publishing Award 2010
Hair and Beauty Industry Award 2010
[2020] FWCFB 1760
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Health Professionals and Support Services Award 2010
Higher Education Industry-Academic Staff-Award 2010
Higher Education Industry-General Staff-Award 2010
Horse and Greyhound Training Award 2010
Horticulture Award 2010
Hospitality Industry (General) Award 2010
Journalists Published Media Award 2010
Labour Market Assistance Industry Award 2010
Legal Services Award 2020
Live Performance Award 2010
Local Government Industry Award 2010
Mannequins and Models Award 2010
Manufacturing and Associated Industries and Occupations Award 2010
Marine Tourism and Charter Vessels Award 2010
Market and Social Research Award 2020
Meat Industry Award 2010
Medical Practitioners Award 2020
Miscellaneous Award 2010
Nursery Award 2020
Nurses Award 2010
Passenger Vehicle Transportation Award 2010
Pastoral Award 2010
Pest Control Industry Award 2010
Pharmaceutical Industry Award 2010
Pharmacy Industry Award 2010
Plumbing and Fire Sprinklers Award 2010
Poultry Processing Award 2010
Premixed Concrete Award 2020
Professional Diving Industry (Recreational) Award 2010
Professional Employees Award 2010
Racing Clubs Events Award 2010
Racing Industry Ground Maintenance Award 2020
Rail Industry Award 2010
Real Estate Industry Award 2020
Registered and Licensed Clubs Award 2010
Restaurant Industry Award 2010
Road Transport (Long Distance Operations) Award 2010
Road Transport and Distribution Award 2010
Salt Industry Award 2010
Seafood Processing Award 2020
Security Services Industry Award 2010
Silviculture Award 2020
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Social, Community, Home Care and Disability Services Industry Award 2010
Sporting Organisations Award 2020
State Government Agencies Award 2020
Storage Services and Wholesale Award 2010
Sugar Industry Award 2010
Supported Employment Services Award 2010
Surveying Award 2020
Telecommunications Services Award 2010
Textile, Clothing, Footwear and Associated Industries Award 2010
Timber Industry Award 2010
Transport (Cash in Transit) Award 2010
Travelling Shows Award 2020
Vehicle Manufacturing, Repair, Services and Retail Award 2010
Waste Management Award 2010
Water Industry Award 2020
Wine Industry Award 2010
Wool Storage, Sampling and Testing Award 2010
[109] The following awards have been excluded from phase 1:
(a) Construction awards
Building and Construction General On-site Award 2010
Joinery and Building Trades Award 2010
Mobile Crane Hiring Award 2010
(b) Maritime sector awards
Coal Export Terminals Award 2020
Dredging Industry Award 2010
Marine Towage Award 2010
Port Authorities Award 2020
Ports, Harbours and Enclosed Water Vessels Award 2010
Seagoing Industry Award 2010
Stevedoring Industry Award 2010
(c) Mining and resource sector awards
Black Coal Mining Industry Award 2010
Gas Industry Award 2010
Hydrocarbons Field Geologists Award 2010
Hydrocarbons Industry (Upstream) Award 2020
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Maritime Offshore Oil and Gas Award 2010
Mining Industry Award 2010
Oil Refining and Manufacturing Award 2020
Professional Diving Industry (Industrial) Award 2010
[110] These awards have not been included in phase 1 because:
the businesses in these sectors have not been as adversely impacted (to date) by the
COVID-19 pandemic as some other sectors. For example the ABS survey reported
that 37% of businesses in mining had been adversely affected, compared to 78% of
businesses within the Accommodation and food services industry. Further, on the
basis of Professor Borland’s report, the construction sector is not likely to be
affected in the short term; and
these sectors do not have a high level of award-reliance and enterprise agreements
are relatively common.
[111] We encourage the industrial parties in these sectors to enter into discussions about
measures to respond to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (if they have not already done
so). We will expedite any consent application to vary these awards.
6. Unpaid pandemic leave and the social safety net
[112] Assistance for employees and households initially included one-off payments of $750
to be made from 31 March 2020 to selected income support recipients. The eligibility was
extended to those receiving an eligible payment on any day from 12 March to 13 April
2020.22
[113] Further assistance for households was announced by the Commonwealth Government
on 22 March 2020:
temporarily expanding eligibility for income support payments and establishing a
new, temporary Coronavirus supplement, paid at $550 per fortnight. Both existing
and new Jobseeker Payment, Youth Allowance Jobseeker payment, Parenting
Payment, Farm Household Allowance and Special Benefit recipients are eligible; 23
a second payment of $750 to social security, veteran and other income support
recipients and eligible concession card holders made from 13 July 2020;24
individuals to access up to $10 000 of their superannuation in 2019–20 and $10 000
in 2020–21 without needing to pay tax on the amounts released;25
22 See: https://www.servicesaustralia.gov.au/individuals/news/more-financial-support-people-affected-coronavirus
23 Fact sheet: https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-03/Fact_sheet-Payments_to_support_households.pdf
24 Fact sheet: https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-03/Fact_sheet-Payments_to_support_households.pdf
25 Fact sheet: https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-03/Fact_sheet-Early_Access_to_Super_1.pdf
https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-03/Fact_sheet-Early_Access_to_Super_1.pdf
https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-03/Fact_sheet-Payments_to_support_households.pdf
https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-03/Fact_sheet-Payments_to_support_households.pdf
https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-03/Overview-Economic_Response_to_the_Coronavirus_0.pdf
[2020] FWCFB 1760
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on 12 March 2020, the Government announced a 0.5 percentage point reduction in
both the upper and lower social security deeming rates. The Government will
reduce these rates by another 0.25 percentage points. As of 1 May 2020, the upper
deeming rate will be 2.25 per cent and the lower deeming rate will be 0.25 per
cent.26
[114] On 30 March 2020 a third stimulus package was announced,27 requiring legislation to
take effect, that included the following:
The introduction of the JobKeeper payment. This payment is a $1500 wage subsidy
(before tax) per eligible employee, paid directly to businesses who then use it to
subside the payment of their employee’s wage and pay directly to eligible
employees. It is designed to maintain the employment relationship between
employers and employees.
Affected employers will be able to claim a fortnightly payment of $1500
per eligible employee from 30 March 2020, for a maximum of 6 months
Eligibility is dependent on employers having suffered a significant
reduction in revenue – 30 per cent for small businesses and 50 per cent for
businesses with a turnover of $1 billion or more.
Full–time workers; part–time workers, sole traders, casuals who have been
with their employer for 12 months or more, not for profit entities, New
Zealanders on 444 visas, and migrants who are eligible for JobSeeker
Payment or Youth Allowance (Other) will be eligible for the subsidy.
Employees who have been stood down by their employer since 1 March
2020 will be eligible.
If workers ordinarily received $1500 or more income per fortnight before
tax, they will continue to receive regular income according to the
prevailing workplace instrument, the JobKeeper Payments will subsidise
part or all of their income.
The payment is a minimum of $1500 per fortnight, before tax.
Employees cannot access both the JobSeeker and JobKeeper payments.
The $1500 payment will be issued from 1 May 2020 and backdated to 30 March
2020. The subsidy represents around 70 per cent of the median wage and 100 per
cent of the median wage in the industries most heavily affected (such as retail and
hospitality). The Government predicts around 6 million workers will access the
payment over 6 months.
26 Fact sheet: https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-03/Fact_sheet-
Providing_support_for_retirees_to_manage_market_volatility.pdf
27 Reference: https://www.pm.gov.au/media/130-billion-jobkeeper-payment-keep-australians-job
https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-03/Fact_sheet-Providing_support_for_retirees_to_manage_market_volatility.pdf
https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-03/Fact_sheet-Providing_support_for_retirees_to_manage_market_volatility.pdf
[2020] FWCFB 1760
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Superannuation payments will not be made on the JobKeeper payment, it will be up
to employers if they want to pay superannuation or any additional wage paid
because of JobKeeper Payments.
JobSeeker recipients will have their partner’s income test threshold temporarily
increased to $79,762 per annum ($3068 per fortnight), thereby increasing the
amount of people who will be eligible for the JobSeeker payment.
[115] The Commonwealth is asked to clarify whether the proposed JobKeeper payment will
be paid to employees on unpaid pandemic leave.
[116] In our view, if the proposed payment is not available to employees on unpaid
pandemic leave that fact would mitigate against employees using the proposed new
entitlement and may also have the adverse public policy consequence that some employees
may choose not to self-isolate when they should do so.
7. Provisional views
[117] The Commission may make a determination varying a modern award if the
Commission is satisfied that the determination is necessary to achieve the modern awards
objective. The modern awards objective is to ‘ensure that modern awards, together with the
National Employment Standards, provide a fair and relevant minimum safety net of terms and
conditions’, taking into account the particular considerations identified in ss.134(1)(a)–(h)
(the s.134 considerations).
[118] What is ‘necessary’ to achieve the modern awards objective in a particular case is a
value judgment, taking into account the s.134 considerations to the extent that they are
relevant having regard to the context, including the circumstances pertaining to the particular
modern award, the terms of any proposed variation and the submissions and evidence.28
[119] There are 2 versions of Schedule X. The first version will:
1. provide all employees (including full-time, part-time and casual employees) with
a new entitlement of up to 2 weeks’ unpaid pandemic leave; and
2. provide for employees by agreement with their employer to take twice the amount
of their accrued annual leave at half pay.
[120] It is our provisional view that the first version be inserted into the phase 1 modern
awards set out at [108] above (except the Hospitality Award, Clerks–Private Sector Award
and the Restaurant Award).
[121] The second version of the new schedule will omit the provision for annual leave at
half pay and will be inserted into the Hospitality Award, Clerks–Private Sector Award and the
Restaurant Award.
28 See generally: Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association v National Retail Association (No.2) (2012) 205 FCR
227.
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[122] The new schedule will operate until 30 June 2020, the period of operation may be
extended on application or on the initiative of the Commission.
[123] It is our provisional view that the terms proposed to be included in the new schedule
may be included in a modern award pursuant to ss.136(1)(a) and (c), and s.139(1)(h) of the
Act.
[124] It is our provisional view, taking into account the relevant s.134 considerations, that
the modern award variations described above are necessary to achieve the modern awards
objective.
8. Next steps
Submissions
[125] Any submission supporting or opposing the provisional views set out above must be
lodged by 4pm on Monday 6 April 2020. Submissions should be:
sent to chambers.ross.j@fwc.gov.au and include the matter number (AM2020/12) in
the subject line; and
lodged in Word format.
Hearing
[126] We will determine this matter without holding a hearing unless a submission is
received opposing our provisional views, in respect of the proposed variation of a particular
award or more generally.
[127] In the event that a submission is received opposing our provisional views the matter
will proceed to a hearing. If a hearing is required, it will take place at 2pm on Wednesday 8
April 2020 by telephone.
[128] Any party who wishes to attend the hearing in relation to this matter should send an
email to chambers.ross.j@fwc.gov.au specifying a name and contact telephone number by
4pm on Monday 6 April 2020.
PRESIDENT
Printed by authority of the Commonwealth Government Printer
PR718005
mailto:chambers.ross.j@fwc.gov.au
mailto:chambers.ross.j@fwc.gov.au
