Horan, Emma v Tren Trading Pty Ltd T/A Dubbo Early Learning Centre - [2019] FWC 3249

1

Fair Work Act 2009 
s 394—Unfair dismissal

Emma Horan

v

Tren Trading Pty Ltd t/a Dubbo Early Learning Centre
(U2018/5554)

DEPUTY PRESIDENT SAMS SYDNEY, 27 MAY 2019

Application for an unfair dismissal remedy – termination of employment for alleged serious 
misconduct – Early Childhood Teacher – anonymous complaint – allegation of yelling and 
forcibly isolating a child – compliance with regulatory requirements – investigation and 
statements from witnesses – refusal to attend meeting without support person or details of the 
allegations – applicant’s request not unreasonable – conflicting evidence – investigation 
could not sustain decision of dismissal – denial of procedural fairness – allegations not 
proven – findings of substantive and procedural unfairness – reinstatement inappropriate –
compensation ordered.

INTRODUCTION

[1] Ms Emma Horan was employed as an Early Childhood Teacher at the Dubbo Early 

Learning Centre (the ‘Centre’ or ‘respondent’) in central New South Wales. The Centre 

employs around 26 employees and is jointly owned by Mr Mathew Stapleton and Mr Tom 

Hill. Ms Horan commenced employment at the Centre on 16 May 2016 on a part-time basis 

and was earning $29.65 per hour. Her employment terms and conditions were governed by 

the Children’s Services Award 2010 (the ‘Award’).

[2] The circumstances surrounding the termination of Ms Horan’s employment are 

somewhat unusual, and may be shortly stated. On 3 May 2018, Ms Horan accepted an offer of 

employment at Redgum Childcare, another child care facility in Dubbo. Around 3pm that day, 

she delivered her resignation letter to the Centre. She claimed that shortly thereafter, the two 

owners of the Centre called to ask her to reconsider her resignation decision. She declined to 

do so. However, at around 4.30pm, she received another call from the owners informing her 

that she was to be stood down due to an incident said to have occurred the day before, and 

[2019] FWC 3249

DECISION


E AUSTRALIA FairWork Commission




 



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anonymously reported. The incident was alleged to have constituted serious and gross 

misconduct.

[3] Ms Horan was subsequently dismissed on 7 May 2018. The letter terminating her 

employment was emailed to her and reads:

‘Dear Emma,

On 3 May 2018 at around 4pm, you were stood down pending the investigation of a 
very serious accusation made against you, anonymously by a member of the Dubbo 
Early Learning staff.

Since that time, both Melissa Cox and I have requested that you attend the Centre for 
an interview to provide your version of events to inform our investigation of the 
matter. We have made this request no less than three time (sic).

We have found that you forcibly removed a child who was engaging in rough play to 
an exclusion spot. When the child started to cry that you yelled at the child to stop and 
threatened to remove him to the next door room if he did not. When he did not stop, 
you physically removed him through the partition wall and pulled him through the 
door to release his grasp which was preventing you from taking him through.

I need to ensure that we meet the requirements of the Education and Care Services 
National Law Act 2010 and Education and Care Services National Regulations to 
ensure the safety, health and wellbeing of children. Your actions have put our service 
approval at risk, consequently, you have been summarily terminated due to gross 
misconduct effective immediately.

I have reported this incident to the regulatory authority as per the requirements of the 
regulation.’

I shall return to the detail of the relevant facts and circumstances between 2 May and 7 May 

2018.

[4] On 28 May 2018, Ms Horan (hereafter referred to as the ‘applicant’) filed an 

application, pursuant to s 394 of the Fair Work Act 2009 (the ‘Act’), seeking a remedy for her 

alleged unfair dismissal by Mr Stapleton on 7 May 2018. The applicant nominated United 

Voice (the ‘Union’) as her representative in the matter. In accordance with my usual practice, 

I convened a pre-hearing telephone conference on 3 August 2018, in order to explore 

settlement of the applicant’s claim. The matter was unable to be resolved. Accordingly, I 

issued directions for a hearing in Dubbo on 3 October 2018, subsequently relisted to 4 and 5 

December 2018, due to the unavailability of Mr Stapleton, the respondent’s key witness and 

decision maker. At the hearing, Mr J Davis, Industrial Officer, appeared for the applicant, and 








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Mr M Morphett, Agent, appeared for the Centre, with permission granted for him to do so, 

pursuant to s 596 of the Act.

THE EVIDENCE

[5] The following persons provided statement and oral evidence in the proceeding:

 Ms Melissa Cox - Nominated Supervisor 

 Ms Mathew Stapleton - Owner of the Centre

 Ms Charlee Curtis - Trainee Educator

 Ms Emma Stephens - Certificate III Educator

 Mr Tom Hill - Co owner of the Centre

 Mr Cade Foster - Cook at the Centre

 Ms Emma Horan - the applicant

 Ms Rachele Currey - Certificate III Educator

 Ms Rhiannon Leach - Certificate III Educator

Respondent’s statement evidence

Ms Melissa Cox

[6] Ms Cox has been employed as the Nominated Supervisor at the Centre since 

September 2016. From 26 April to 3 May 2018, the applicant was temporarily appointed as 

the ‘responsible person’ while she was on leave. Ms Cox said that on 3 May 2018, Mr 

Stapleton called to advise her of a serious allegation against the applicant and that the 

applicant had been stood down. He asked her to make inquiries of staff the next day as to 

whether they had observed anything unusual or concerning around lunchtime the day before. 

She began interviewing staff the next day.

[7] Ms Cox said that as Mr Stapleton had informed her he would be coming to the Centre 

at 5pm on Friday 4 May 2018 to meet with the applicant, she sought to confirm that the 

applicant was okay to attend the meeting. The applicant told her she would not be attending 

the meeting at such short notice. At 2.13pm, the applicant emailed Ms Cox seeking a copy of 

the allegations against her. About an hour later, she emailed again, advising that her Union 

had told her that she would require 24 hours’ notice of any meeting, and the details of the 

allegations, in writing, in order for her to respond.








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[8] Ms Cox said that on Monday 7 May 2018, after collating evidence of the incident on 4 

May 2018, she and Mr Stapleton agreed that the applicant’s behaviour was unacceptable. The 

applicant was dismissed by email at 6.08pm that day, and the letter terminating her 

employment is set out at [3] above.

Mr Mathew Stapleton

[9] Mr Stapleton said that in the afternoon of 2 May 2018, he received the following 

anonymous grievance form:

‘Grievance (please give as much detail as possible)

I witnessed Emma Horan remove a child, who had been rough housing, to an 
exclusion spot. When the child started to cry Emma yelled at the child to stop or she 
would put him next door (the toddlers room). When the child did not stop she 
physically removed him through the partition wall and reefed on the child when they 
grabbed the wall to stop her from taking him through.

Action you would like to see taken:

Formal warning and re training on conflict de-escalation.’

[10] At the time of the complaint, the applicant was the ‘Responsible Person’ required 

under the licensing regulations, in the absence of Ms Cox, the Nominated Supervisor. Mr 

Stapleton set out the relevant section (s 166) of the Education and Care Services National 

Law Act 2010 which provides for significant penalties for an approved child care provider 

which does not ensure that a child in its care is not subject to:

(a) any form of corporal punishment; or

(b) any discipline that is unreasonable in the circumstances.

[11] Mr Stapleton said that he was also mindful of Regulation 155 of the Early Childhood 

Education National Regulations. These Regulations require a provider to take all reasonable 

steps to maintain the dignity and rights of a child, and that any complaint that might breach 

the law, must notify the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (the 

‘Department’) within 24 hours. Accordingly, he advised the Department of the complaint and 

the actions he had taken being:

1. immediately stepping the educator down and removing her from the work place; 

and








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2. conducting a staff meeting to ensure all staff understand what is not appropriate 

when interacting with children. Praise (sic) staff to report inappropriate 

interactions with children.

[12] It was Mr Stapleton’s evidence that at around 12.30pm on 3 May 2018, the applicant 

advised the Centre of her resignation in the following terms:

‘Mel, Matt and Tom,

Please accept this letter as formal notification of my resignation from Dubbo early 
learning centre. My last day at the centre will be Thursday the 31st of May 2018.

Before I leave I will ensure that all of my work is completed and up to date and I am 
happy to assist in anyway (sic) to ensure a smooth handover to my replacement.

I would like to thank you for the opportunity to work at DELC for the past 2 years. 
During this time I have thoroughly enjoyed working with the staff at the centre and I 
will miss working with them and the children.

I will always remember my time at DELC and thank you so much for the opportunities 
I have been given.’

[13] Mr Stapleton said he phoned the applicant from his car around 2.45pm and asked why 

she had resigned. She had replied with words to the effect:

‘Mel (Cox) is a useless director and we sit in the room leader meetings and nothing 
happens’.

She told him she had accepted a position at Redgum Childcare.

[14] Mr Stapleton said that around 4pm he and Mr Hill contacted the applicant again and 

discussed the allegations that the applicant had forcibly removed a child from the preschool 

room and dragged him into the Toddler Room. He advised the applicant that she was to be 

stood down while an investigation was carried out. He sought a meeting with the applicant at 

5pm the next day and told her she could have a support person present. Mr Stapleton claimed 

she just replied ‘OK’, had no questions and hung up. He then phoned Ms Cox and asked her 

to interview staff and to have the information available for him by 5pm the next day.

[15] After being advised that the applicant would not be attending the meeting, and after 

unsuccessful attempts to contact her he sent her the following text message:








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‘Hi Emma, you need to come and see me. I’ll be at the centre at 5pm I need to hear your 
version of events with what happened because I need to make a decision and it would 
be on (sic) your best interest if you told me your version of what happened. You can 
bring anyone you want with you. I’m coming to Dubbo and flying out tomorrow at 
4:30pm’.

[16] Mr Stapleton claimed that he did not understand the applicant’s concerns as she had 24 

hours’ notice, and she was aware of the allegations (from his phone call the day before). He 

could not understand why the applicant could not organise a support person.

[17] Mr Stapleton said that on Monday 7 May 2018, he formed the view that the staff 

recollections of the incident in their statements obtained by Ms Cox, were true. Despite not 

having any response from the applicant, he decided to dismiss her with immediate effect.

Ms Charlee Curtis

[18] Ms Curtis claimed she had observed the applicant open the partition between Toddler 

Room 2 and the Junior Preschool Room, and pull a child (hereafter referred to as ‘G’) into the 

room by the arm. At the same time, she had said ‘stop acting like a baby’. ‘G’ was crying and 

replied ‘I don’t want to go to the Toddler Room’. When ‘G’ got into the room, she let him go, 

shut the door and walked back into the Preschool Room. ‘G’ continued to cry out to her and 

remained in the room for about five minutes. Ms Curtis claimed she was shocked (by what 

she had observed) and did not know what to do.

Ms Emma Stephens

[19] Ms Stephens claimed she had also observed that ‘G’ had been crying, and that the 

applicant pushed him through the door and said ‘I need 5 minutes’. When ‘G’ tried to open 

the door, she opened it and said ‘you can’t come back until you stopped (sic) crying’. She shut 

the door again. Ms Stephens believed ‘G’ remained in the room for about five minutes. When 

he tried to open it again, the applicant had said ‘you can come back now’.

Mr Cade Foster

[20] It was Mr Foster’s evidence that when he was delivering lunch to the Preschool Room, 

he had observed the applicant pick up ‘G’ and move him next to her. When ‘G’ sat down, he 

began to cry. Then, in a raised voice, the applicant said ‘calm down or I will take you next 

door’. The applicant then took ‘G’ by the arm and pulled him towards the Toddler Room. ‘G’








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was sobbing and said ‘I don’t want to go to the other room’. Mr Foster said that as the 

applicant pulled ‘G’ into the room, ‘G’ grabbed at the door. The applicant then grabbed ‘G’ 

under the armpits to pull him away. ‘G’ was crying loudly, and appeared very upset.

Applicant’s statement evidence

[21] The applicant said that in April 2018, she had applied for a position at Redgum

Childcare. On 2 May 2018, there was an incident involving ‘G’, which required her to 

separate two children, who were fighting. She took one of them (‘G’) into another room to 

‘cool off’. On 3 May 2018, she received an offer of a positon at Redgum Childcare and at 

around 3pm, she advised the Centre of her resignation. When Mr Stapleton and Mr Hill called 

her shortly after, she told them she was unhappy working at the Centre. When Mr Hill said ‘if 

we make some changes will you stay?’, she said she would not reconsider her decision to 

resign.

[22] It was the applicant’s evidence that Mr Stapleton called her at around 4.30pm to direct 

her to leave the Centre, as she was suspended due to a serious allegation. Mr Stapleton 

provided no details of the allegations. On the advice of the Union, and to avoid being 

‘ambushed’, she declined to attend the 5pm meeting on Friday 5 May 2018, as the Centre had 

refused to provide her with details of the allegation. She later found out about the details of 

the allegations from co-workers after she was dismissed.

[23] The applicant gave her version of the incident involving ‘G’. I set this out in full 

below:

‘The 3 May incident was as follows: [‘G’] was sitting on another child’s head and I 
helped him move off [‘G’] by guiding him by holding his hand. As I moved away 
[‘G’] then did a playful laugh as he usually does and ran at me, hitting me with his 
head first and then hitting me with his arm as he usually does when he is over excited. 
To stop him from hitting me I picked him up and moved to the toddler room. I did not 
even speak to [‘G’], let alone raise my voice at him. As I was going through the 
Toddler Room doors he grabbed onto the door and as I was holding him with one arm 
I removed his hands from the doors. Again, this was not done in an aggressive or 
forceful manner. I then stood [‘G’] in the toddler room, turned around to another 
educator, Tamara Whiteley, smiled as I was walking out of the room. [‘G’] followed 
me and when I got to the door to close it [‘G’] was behind me which meant I couldn’t 
close the doors. I got down to his level and asked him “Are you ready to stop being 
silly and come back into our room?” He said: “Yes, I’m sorry.” I hugged [‘G’], he 
followed me back to the table and began cuddling me. We then ate our lunch and 
continued with our day.’








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[24] The applicant said she was not aggressive, did not raise her voice at any time and 

regarded the incident as a fairly standard experience for an Early Childhood Educator. 

[25] In reply to Mr Stapleton’s statement, the applicant denied saying in the phone call on 3 

May 2018 ‘Mel is a useless director…’ Rather, she was critical of the workload at the Centre.

The applicant believed it was Mr Hill who told her of her suspension on 3 May 2018, 

following a serious allegation made against her. He did not detail the allegations at all. She 

was unsure if Mr Stapleton was also present. When told to leave the Centre, Mr Hill had said 

‘you’ll find out more tomorrow.’ As she wanted to be respectful, this was why she did not ask 

any questions or protest her innocence. The applicant said she did not attend the meeting at 

5pm the next day because she had not been given 24 hours’ notice of the details of the 

allegations. 

[26] In response to Mr Foster’s statement, the applicant denied yelling at ‘G’. She never 

moved him by the arm – rather, she carried him. The applicant said that when she had recently 

been Second in Charge, she had cause to speak to Mr Foster twice, for leaving work early and 

for receiving personal packages at the Centre, contrary to current practice. 

[27] In respect to Ms Curtis’ and Ms Stephens’ statements, the applicant denied telling ‘G’ 

to ‘stop acting like a baby.’ ‘G’ had not said he did not want to go to the Toddler Room. He 

was not left in the room for five minutes and the door was not shut. She did not push ‘G’. The 

applicant said that some months earlier at a staff meeting (3 October 2017), Ms Cox had 

instructed staff to remove an aggressive child to another room. This is what she did on 2 May 

2018. The applicant attached a statement dated 2 May 2018 from Ms Rhiannon Leach, 

another Educator who witnessed the incident. Ms Leach described the incident as follows: 

‘On Wednesday during rest time Emma was talking to a child as he was being 
disruptive to the children who were sleeping. As (Emma) was helping the child move 
away from the others the child ran at her and started hitting her playfully as he 
normally does. To stop him from doing this Emma then picked the child up and 
walked with him to open the doors to the next room, the child then became upset. As 
Emma put the child in the other room she turned around to shut the doors and the child 
ran at the door, Emma caught her own leg in the door as she went to shut the door and 
moved the child’s hand so his hand didn’t get caught. Emma left the doors closed for a 
second and then opened the doors, as she opened the doors she got down to the child’s 
level and said, “have you stopped being silly now, are you ready to come back into our 
room?” the child replied, “yes, I’m sorry,” then Emma gave the child a hug, which he 








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returned. During this incident Emma never acted in a way to cause abuse to the child, 
no threats were made to the child and she never once raised her voice at the child.’

[28] In Ms Cox’s Investigation Report, she had stated that Ms Leach did not witness the 

incident, because she was at lunch at the time. However, the applicant said this was untrue, as 

Ms Leach went to lunch at 10.30am that day due to understaffing. She was definitely present 

at the time.

Ms Rachelle Currey

[29] Ms Currey was a witness to the incident. She believed it had arisen as a result of rough 

play in which one child was sitting on the head of another child and not allowing the child to 

get up. Ms Currey described what happened next:

‘Ms Horan helped the child sitting to hop up by holding his hand, the child then ran 
towards her after she let go of his hand and hit her with his head and then started 
hitting her playfully. To stop him, Ms Horan picked him up and moved him into the 
toddler room to calm down before he got ready for lunch. The child was crying and 
continuing to hit her. The child grabbed onto the separating doors as she was taking 
him through to the toddler room. She removed his hands from the door and then put 
him into the toddler room.

As she was walking out, the child followed her. She got down to talk to him and  
asked if he “was ready to come back” into our room and “stop being silly”, or words to 
this effect.

The child said yes and that he was sorry and get her some cuddles then he continued 
with the routine of washing hands ready for lunch.

None of Ms Horan’s actions were done in an aggressive, forceful or nasty manner nor 
did she threaten or yell at the child. She handled the situation with care and just like 
the child is familiar with.’

[30] Ms Currey considered that the allegations against the applicant were false. She 

believed the applicant was a fantastic and very well-liked educator, who would never put a 

child in harm’s way.

Respondent’s reply statements

[31] Ms Cox said that on 4 May 2018 around 10.30am, Ms Currey had come to see her.

She was in a very emotional state and said she was ‘too upset to be here’ and was going 

home. On 6 May 2018, Ms Currey provided a doctor’s certificate absenting her from work 








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until 14 May 2018. However, on 10 May 2018, she resigned. Nevertheless, on 14 May 2018, 

she attended the Centre and answered the set questions put to all staff by Ms Cox about the 

incident on 2 May 2018.

[32] Ms Cox could not recall if the applicant had asked for notice of the meeting and details 

of the allegations when she rang her to confirm the 5pm meeting with Mr Stapleton on 4 May

2018. 

[33] In response to the applicant’s evidence about the Room Leader’s meeting on 

3 October 2017, Ms Cox said the staff had collectively discussed strategies to deal with 

children exhibiting challenging behaviours. The direction was to distract the child by asking 

them to help in another room or assist in a particular task. Isolating a child was never be used 

to punish or belittle the child. Staff were reminded of the Centre’s policies in this regard. 

[34] Mr Stapleton responded to the applicant’s evidence as follows. He could not recall if, 

on 3 May 2018, it was he, or Mr Hill, who had asked the applicant if they could change 

anything, would she reconsider her resignation. He claimed he later gave her a description of 

the complaint. She did not respond, or indicate she would not attend the meeting at 5pm the 

next day. Mr Stapleton said he was not aware of any refusal to provide the applicant 

information (about the allegations). 

[35] Mr Stapleton said he would never allow a process where challenging behaviour 

resulted in a child being removed from their friends. The Regulations require a ‘circle of 

security’ in which children are provided with support, and not through intimidation or 

exclusion.

[36] Mr Hill was in the car with Mr Stapleton when they called the applicant about her 

resignation on 3 May 2018. He could not recall whether they asked her to stay. However, she 

was critical of Ms Cox. In the later phone call, Mr Hill said that Mr Stapleton did most of the 

talking, including giving her an explanation of the allegations. 

[37] Mr Foster said that to the best of his recollection, Ms Leach was not in the Junior 

Preschool Room at the time of the incident on 2 May 2018. 

Viva Voce evidence








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[38] In Ms Cox’s cross examination, she said that although the applicant had requested the 

details of the allegations and 24 hours’ notice of any meeting, she had referred these matters 

to Mr Stapleton, because she was unsure of her responsibilities. 

[39] Ms Cox agreed that Mr Stapleton’s decision to dismiss the applicant was taken 

without speaking to her and before speaking to Ms Currey on 14 May 2018. She conceded 

that the consistency of the other staff statements might have changed, if Ms Currey and the 

applicant had given their version of events. Ms Cox did not accept that there was no reason to 

interview Ms Currey when the decision to dismiss was made a week prior. She said she did so 

for future reference. 

[40] Ms Cox was taken to this interview and Ms Currey’s responses below:

‘1. Did you see any child placed in an exclusion spot?

No, I don’t recall any child being excluded

2. Did you witness any child being yelled at or spoken to in an overly loud manner in 
the Junior Preschool room?

No. No one yelled at any child

3. Are you aware of any child being moved from the Junior Preschool room to the 
Toddler room? If so, did you witness the manner in which this occurred?

Yes, a child was taken from Jnr Preschool to the Toddler 2 room. He was crying, but 
no one was yelling at him. He didn’t really say that he didn’t want to go, but he did 
hold onto the wall. When he was taken into the Toddler 2 room, I didn’t see Emma 
shut the door behind him, and he followed her back into the room.

4. Do you have any information related to this alleged incident that you would like to 
provide?

Not really. I don’t think anything too rough happened, and there was no yelling.’

Ms Cox claimed that she was unsure if Ms Currey was being truthful, or if her recollection 

was clouded by her emotional state at the time. Ms Cox’s concern was not referenced 

anywhere else in the respondent’s materials. 

[41] It was Ms Cox’s evidence that there was a vast difference between the staff’s 

discussion in October 2017 about processes to deal with challenging children and what the 

applicant had done in physically taking a child into a room under protest. Mr Davis took Ms 








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Cox to the answers given by the three witnesses in their interviews and the number of 

inconsistencies in their recollections and with the letter of termination. The dismissal letter 

said she ‘forcibly removed a child’, whereas Mr Foster agreed with the applicant that she had 

picked up the child. Ms Cox was taken to other inconsistencies; for example, Ms Whitely said 

she did not hear yelling; the applicant appeared to carry the child, she did not notice where his 

arms were and the applicant knelt down to speak to the child. She and another witness had 

said the child was in the room for no more than 30 seconds, not 5 minutes. 

[42] Ms Cox explained that the time frame was not important; it was the manner in which 

‘G’ was forcibly taken to another room, if he was arguing and upset. Ms Cox conceded that 

children crying at the Centre was a daily occurrence and it does not, in and of itself, disclose 

anything else. Ms Cox believed the 30-second estimate may have been because Ms Whitely 

was not fully focussed on the incident. Ms Cox agreed that if the child had been picked up 

after engaging in rough play, this would be appropriate. However, this was not the issue – he 

was dragged into a room, where he did not want to go. Ms Cox accepted that the applicant’s 

hands would have been occupied, if she was carrying the child. Ms Cox conceded that the 

statements conflicted ‘to a degree’. She accepted her report did not identify any weighing up 

of these differences (in recollections). 

[43] Ms Cox said that the witnesses described an incident which did occur and which was 

assessed as inappropriate. She stressed that three witnesses saw the applicant forcing the child 

through the door. This behaviour was unacceptable, and put a child at risk. Ms Cox agreed 

that none of the witnesses described ‘G’ as being in an ‘exclusion’ area, despite having all 

been trained on the issue. The only person who claimed there was yelling was Mr Foster. This 

was accepted and referenced in the termination letter. Ms Cox conceded that the evidence as 

to yelling was inconsistent, albeit adding that ‘there was enough consistency’. Ms Cox finally 

assumed that the nature of the incident must have involved yelling. She believed that the other 

five witnesses may not have heard yelling, because Ms Curtis and Ms Stephens were not in 

the same room.

[44] In re-examination, Ms Cox said that the applicant would have been well aware of the 

Centre’s policies and procedures. Ms Cox also understood Ms Currey was a close personal 

friend of the applicant.








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[45] In cross examination, Mr Stapleton said when he first read the anonymous complaint, 

he went to the child care law and Regulations and determined that forcing a distressed child 

into another room and yelling at him, was unreasonable discipline and as such, must be 

reported to the Department within 24 hours. Mr Stapleton insisted he had told the applicant in 

the phone call of 3 May 2018 of the details of the allegations. He conceded that her request 

for the allegations in writing was not unreasonable. However, as she was still an employee at 

the time, she was invited to a meeting to put her position, but had refused. Mr Stapleton 

agreed the allegations could have been emailed to her. He accepted that an ‘accusation’ is the 

same as an allegation. However, Mr Stapleton believed her request for 24 hours’ notice of a 

meeting was not a reasonable request.

[46] Mr Stapleton said he did not need Ms Currey’s statement (provided 11 days later) to 

make his decision, because there was enough evidence (‘in my eyes’). Mr Stapleton claimed 

the applicant refused to attend a meeting and refused to take phone calls from him and Ms 

Cox. He claimed he had legal advice (Mr Morphett) that 24 hours’ notice for a meeting was 

not required for a disciplinary meeting.

[47] Mr Stapleton attempted to explain that he had two responsibilities; firstly, to notify of 

the serious allegations and secondly, to decide whether the applicant should be dismissed. The 

long delay to the 14 May 2018 (when Ms Currey’s statement was made), had made a 

difference, because a full Investigation Report was required for the Regulator.

[48] Mr Stapleton believed that his decision to dismiss the applicant was not about taking a 

balanced view, but making a judgement about probable cause and satisfying the Department 

that he, as the approved provider, was taking all reasonable care to protect children. He said 

there was nowhere in the Regulations which required 24 hours’ notice of a disciplinary 

meeting.

[49] Mr Stapleton said that although he had booked flights out of Dubbo on Saturday 

5 May 2018, he would have cancelled his flight, if the applicant had agreed to a meeting on 

Monday 7 May 2018. He agreed there was nothing stopping him making arrangements to 

meet the applicant over the weekend (5 and 6 May 2018).

[50] Mr Stapleton accepted that in the staff interviews, it was only Mr Foster who had said 

the applicant was yelling. When others (Mr Stapleton and Mr Whitely) said they heard no 








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yelling, this was probably right, because they were in the next room, with the door closed. 

Further, Mr Stapleton agreed no witnesses had said the applicant placed the child in an 

‘exclusion spot’. However, this was understood to be the other room. Mr Stapleton agreed 

that the employees had been trained as to what was meant by an ‘exclusion spot’. He denied 

this finding, as recorded in the termination letter, was unsound. 

[51] Mr Stapleton agreed that he had spoken to at least one parent after the applicant’s 

dismissal, but could not recall if he spoke to the three parents identified by Mr Davis. He 

denied speaking to four parents. The only one he spoke to was one parent who had been 

concerned about staff turnover, arising from Ms Currey’s resignation and the applicant’s 

dismissal and was considering removing her child from the Centre. He explained to the parent 

that a serious allegation had been made, it had been investigated and the applicant had been 

dismissed. 

[52] Mr Hill reaffirmed that in the phone call on 2 May 2018, he could not recall if

anything had been said to the applicant about withdrawing her resignation, if changes were to 

be made at the Centre. As to the later conversation, he recalled Mr Stapleton saying there 

were serious allegations against the applicant.

[53] In cross examination, Ms Curtis insisted that she heard the applicant say to ‘G’, ‘stop 

acting like a baby’ and that he was left in the room for five minutes. Ms Curtis agreed Ms 

Cox helped her prepare her statement. 

[54] Ms Stephens reaffirmed that she heard the applicant say to ‘G’ ‘you can’t come back 

until you stop crying.’ She claimed that ‘G’ was left in the room for what seemed like 

‘roughly’ five minutes, but that she did not look at a clock. 

[55] In Mr Foster’s cross-examination, he claimed he heard the applicant using a ‘raised 

voice’ when she twice said to G ‘calm down or I will take you next door’. He equated a 

‘raised voice’ to ‘yelling’.

[56] Mr Foster acknowledged that the applicant did speak to him about receiving packages 

personally addressed to the workplace. She had also raised some behavioural issues with Mr 

Foster’s son, who was also a student at the Centre. They had discussed his son getting more 

and more disruptive and having difficulty concentrating. It was suggested he be seen by a 

paediatrician and tested for ADHD. He did this, as well as taking him to see a speech 








[2019] FWC 3249

15

pathologist. It was suggested they might look for a smaller service, where he could be calmer

in himself, as he was having difficulty with the number of children at the Centre. 

Subsequently, Mr Foster removed his son from the Centre. Mr Foster also agreed that Ms Cox 

had spoken to him early in the year about leaving work early. Mr Foster conceded he had 

filed the anonymous complaint. However, he rejected the suggestion he wanted to get back 

at the applicant for what had happened with his son. He claimed he had no issues with the 

applicant.

[57] In examination in chief, the applicant described the incident with ‘G’, which I set out 

below: 

‘So [‘G’] was sitting on another child's head at the time, when I helped [‘G’] off him by 
holding his hand and moving him off.  As I moved away to go back to start lunch [‘G’]
ran at me, hitting me with his arms and his head, as he just usually does when he gets 
in those moods, and to stop him from hitting me I picked him up and was taking him 
next door to the toddler 2 room.  When I was on my way through he did grab onto the 
petition doors and I did move his hands from the doors.  When we got in there I put 
[‘G’] onto the floor.  He was still standing.  As I walked back through the petition 
doors [‘G’] followed me.  I got down to his level and asked him to calm down.  I asked 
him if he was ready to come back into the room and he said yes.  He hugged me and 
said sorry, and he followed me back through to the room.

[58] The applicant agreed ‘G’ was upset. However, this is an everyday, usual occurrence 

for childcare workers. She denied yelling or raising her voice at ‘G’. 

[59] The applicant believed that Mr Foster ‘wasn’t impressed with me’, as a result of her 

speaking to him about personal packages sent to the Centre, and because she had spoken to 

him about his son’s behaviour at the Centre. She believed Mr Foster’s son might be on the 

‘autism spectrum’ and suggested he be assessed. Mr Foster was not very happy about this. 

She was able to make this observation because Mr Foster’s son has been in her room for six 

months. Shortly after Mr Foster withdrew his son from the Centre. There were also issues 

with Mr Foster concerning food preparation, his time management and leaving early. She 

understood Ms Cox may have raised these concerns with him.

[60] In cross examination, the applicant said that in the second phone call with Mr 

Stapleton and Mr Hill on 3 May 2018, she had been told there was a serious allegation. She 

was stood down and told to hand in her keys and would be told more the next day. She said 

the conversation was with Mr Hill, not Mr Stapleton. She was not told any details of the 








[2019] FWC 3249

16

allegations. The next day, she learnt from co-workers that the allegation was that she had 

moved a child to another room. The applicant said she did not want to attend a disciplinary 

meeting to be ‘ambushed’. All she was told from her co-workers was that a child had been 

removed from a room.

[61] The applicant claimed that children were frequently removed to other rooms 

(sometimes twice a week), particularly when a child is behaving aggressively towards the 

educator. This is so because the educator cannot leave the room, with the other children 

unattended. The applicant agreed that ‘G’ grabbed onto the door and it probably indicated he 

did not want to be there. However, the procedure is to pick up the child and move them to 

another room to calm down. The doors were not shut, because he followed her back. 

[62] In answer to questions from me, the applicant said she had not started at the new job at 

Redgum Childcare, because they had found out about the incident and ‘held off’, until it had 

been resolved. Nevertheless, she had commenced employment at a different job on 

10 September 2018. She had no income for eight weeks until this time. 

[63] Ms Leach gave evidence under an Order Requiring a Person to Attend the Fair Work 

Commission (Form F51). Ms Leach said that on 2 May 2018, she came back from lunch, just 

at the end of the incident involving the applicant and ‘G’. She said that when Ms Cox 

interviewed her, she had not been aware of any wrongdoing. However, when they discussed

it, she ‘started to remember what happened.’ She said there was no yelling. Ms Leach said the 

date on her email to the applicant (2 May 2018) she sent a week later, was the date of the 

incident. She had sent her email at 5.15pm on 9 May 2018. 

[64] In cross examination, Ms Leach said that all she saw was the applicant shut the doors 

and then open them and bring ‘G’ back to the room. Mr Foster was not present at this time. 

Earlier, through the window, she had observed ‘G’ hitting the applicant. The applicant had 

picked him up. Ms Leach did not see him being physically put into the next room. 

[65] In Ms Currey’s oral evidence, she reaffirmed what she observed in the incident and 

said that what the applicant did was the process usually followed, as had been directed by 

management. Ms Currey said that although the child did not want to go to the other room, the 

applicant only placed him inside the door. ‘G’ then followed her back, so he was not left 








[2019] FWC 3249

17

there. Ms Currey added that the child had been difficult before, but was ‘getting a bit rough 

lately.’ As to her belief the allegations against the applicant were false, Ms Currey said:

‘I believe that's false because she wasn't aggressive, she wasn't being forceful, she 
didn't hurt the child.  The child was hurting her.  Like, she wasn't doing anything that 
was out of conduct, or anything that our director hadn't told us to do, like removing 
children from rooms.’

SUBMISSIONS

For the Centre

[66] Mr Morphett agreed that the only matters relevant to this case was whether the 

applicant’s dismissal was ‘harsh, unjust or unreasonable’, and while not conceding it was, if 

the Commission found otherwise, what was the appropriate remedy?

[67] As to valid reason, Mr Morphett put that the respondent diligently undertook an 

investigation of Mr Foster’s anonymous complaint of the incident on 2 May 2018, and had 

concluded that the witness statements of six staff were consistent. He put that any 

inconsistencies in their statements were related to where they were positioned in respect to the 

incident, and what they could have seen or heard at the time. Despite the applicant being 

invited to be interviewed and meet with Mr Stapleton, she refused to do so. Mr Stapleton had 

concluded that ‘the applicant removed a child from his usual area of care to another area as 

a disciplinary action due to his behaviour’. As a result, Mr Stapleton had an obligation as the 

licensed provider to report the incident to the Regulator and investigate whether the incident 

occurred, and if so, what measures would be taken to ensure such an incident did not occur 

again. This was the primary purpose of Ms Cox’s Investigation and Report.

[68] Mr Morphett set out Mr Stapleton’s obligations under the Education and Care 

Services National Law (the ‘Law’) and the Education and Care Services National Regulations

(the ‘Regulations’) and the consequences of him not complying with the Law and the 

Regulations. Mr Morphett claimed that the Regulator’s (or Department’s) only focus is to be 

notified within 24 hours of the incident and if it occurred, what steps the provider took to 

ensure the incident is not repeated. This information was provided to the Regulator.

[69] Mr Morphett submitted that while the allegations were found to be proven, on the 

balance of probabilities, even on the applicant’s own version of events (the child grabbed the 








[2019] FWC 3249

18

door and his hand had to be forcibly removed to proceed to the next room) was sufficient to 

demonstrate a non-consenting child had been moved, as an act of discipline, rather than a 

procedure adopted to distract a misbehaving child.

[70] Mr Morphett claimed it defied reason why the applicant would not ask about the 

allegation, even though she knew it apparently involved moving a child to another room. 

Further, it was troubling why she wanted the allegation in writing so as not ‘to be ambushed’ 

(although he did not elaborate).

[71] Mr Morphett submitted that the applicant’s behaviour constituted serious misconduct,

as it was deliberate behaviour that caused ‘a serious and imminent risk to the reputation, 

viability or profitability of the employer’s business.’ Further, the applicant had refused to 

carry out a lawful and reasonable instruction to assist the employer in addressing issues of 

concern regarding the incident.

[72] Mr Morphett submitted that the applicant’s refusal three times to attend a meeting was 

a decision she made at her own peril. Given the gravity of the allegations, it was not 

unreasonable for Mr Stapleton to insist she meet him. Further, the applicant had an 

opportunity to respond at any time on 4 May 2018. She had produced no evidence as to why 

she could not do so. This was a refusal of a lawful direction. Mr Morphett said the applicant 

was never denied any opportunity to bring a support person to a meeting.

[73] Mr Morphett claimed the employer was familiar with its responsibilities and was able 

to ‘administer and discipline staff’ effectively and in accordance with the Act. Lack of HR 

support had a negligible effect. 

[74] In addressing s 392 matters, Mr Morphett said that depending on the amount of 

compensation the Commission may order, the respondent may seek leave to demonstrate it 

should be paid in instalments. The applicant had short service (23 months) and given her 

resignation was to be effective on 31 May 2018, and she had been on paid suspension until 

7 May 2018, the period of any likely future employment was only 18 working days. 

According to the Sprigg formula, calculating that period at $29.65 per hour at 37 hours for 18 

days equals $4002.75. There should be a contingency deduction of 25% ($1,000.69) and 

deductions for the tax free threshold and an entitlement to the Medicare levy rebate ($739.03),

leaving a balance of $2,263.03.








[2019] FWC 3249

19

[75] Mr Morphett added that efforts by the applicant to mitigate loss were a neutral factor. 

All other considerations under s 392 of the Act were either neutral or irrelevant.

For the applicant

[76] By reference to the applicant’s termination letter, Mr Davis submitted that the specific 

allegation cannot be supported by the facts, as witnesses disagree on key aspects of the 

incident on 2 May 2018; namely:

(a) all witnesses agree the applicant picked up the child, which is consistent with the 

Centre’s policy in these circumstances;

(b) none of the witnesses said the child was taken to an ‘exclusion spot’;

(c) the witnesses disagree as to how long the child was left in the adjoining room. The 

estimates ranged from a second, to 30 seconds to 5 minutes. No one checked the 

clock;

(d) only one witness claimed the applicant yelled at the child and even he (Mr Foster) 

said a raised voice equated to yelling;

(e) Ms Cox agreed a crying child is a frequent occurrence in a child care centre;

(f) only Mr Foster used emotive language to describe the applicant grabbing the child 

or ‘reefing the child’ (in his anonymous complaint). His evidence should be 

viewed with scepticism, given he was the complainant and had a reason to be 

unhappy with the applicant; and

(g) none of the other witnesses said the applicant used force to remove the child.

[77] Mr Davis submitted that the Commission would conclude that there was no yelling, no 

exclusion and no threats. The applicant’s approach to a misbehaving child was unremarkable 

in a child care environment. Accordingly, there could be no ‘sound, defensible or well-

founded’ reason to dismiss the applicant. There was no valid reason to do so. 

[78] Mr Davis traced the events immediately after the applicant was stood down. Despite 

the applicant seeking written details of the allegations and 24 hours’ notice of a meeting, this

was refused and she was summarily dismissed by email on 7 May 2018. Mr Davis noted that 

Ms Cox’s investigation even continued beyond that point. The investigation was shambolic, 

incomplete and biased.








[2019] FWC 3249

20

[79] The views of Ms Currey and the applicant were not taken into account and this was a 

denial of procedural fairness. Moreover, the applicant was given no reasonable opportunity to 

respond to the allegations, despite Mr Stapleton now agreeing it was reasonable she be 

provided the details of the allegations in writing.

[80] Mr Davis noted the applicant had no previous warnings. The size of the business and 

the procedures followed make clear the dismissal was no accident; rather, it was enacted by 

design. Mr Davis submitted the applicant’s dismissal was already determined by Mr 

Stapleton, who took a personal stake in the situation. He ignored proper procedural steps, was 

angry and persisted in directing the applicant to attend a meeting he knew full well, she was 

not prepared for. His view was backed by Ms Cox’s incomplete investigation and they both 

decided that the other witnesses’ versions of events were consistent, when they clearly were 

not.

[81] As to remedy, Mr Davis noted that the applicant’s original job offer was withdrawn,

which left her eight weeks out of work until securing alternative employment at Stepping 

Stones. Accordingly, the applicant sought 8 weeks’ pay, comprising of 37.5 hours at $25.65 

an hour, totalling $8,895.00 and loss of accrued annual leave being a total of $9,636.25.

CONSIDERATION

Statutory provisions and relevant authorities

[82] There are no jurisdictional objections to the applicant’s unfair dismissal

application being determined by the Commission. Specifically, I am satisfied that:

(a) Ms Horan was dismissed at the initiative of the employer on 7 May 2018 (ss

385(a) 386(1)(a)); 

(b) her unfair dismissal application was lodged within the 21 day statutory time

limitation set out at s 394(2)(a) of the Act;

(c) Ms Horan was a person protected from unfair dismissal in that:

i. she had completed the minimum employment period set out in ss 382 and

383 of the Act, being a period of two years; and

ii. a Modern Award applied to her employment; see: para [1] 

above (s 382(3)(b)(ii));

(d) her dismissal was not a case of genuine redundancy (s 385(d)); and








[2019] FWC 3249

21

(e) her dismissal was not a case involving the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code,

as the respondent employs more than 15 employees in a number of related entities 

(s 385(c)).

[83] Section 385 of the Act defines an unfair dismissal based on four criteria, each of

which must be satisfied, if the person seeking a remedy from unfair dismissal is to succeed.

The section reads:

‘385       What is an unfair dismissal

A person has been unfairly dismissed if the FWC is satisfied that: 

(a)      the person has been dismissed; and

(b)      the dismissal was harsh, unjust or unreasonable; and

(c)      the dismissal was not consistent with the Small Business Fair Dismissal 
Code; and

(d)      the dismissal was not a case of genuine redundancy.

Note:  For the definition of consistent with the Small Business Fair Dismissal
Code: see section 388.’

[84] As I have just concluded that three of the above criteria have been satisfied ((a), (c)

and (d)), this only leaves the question of whether Ms Horan’s dismissal was ‘harsh, unjust or 

unreasonable’ and therefore an unfair dismissal. To this end, one must direct attention to

s 387 of the Act, which deals with the matters to be taken into account by the Commission in 

determining whether a dismissal was unfair. It is trite to observe that each of the matters must 

be considered, and a finding made on each of them, including whether they are relevant or 

not; ss (e) concerning warnings of unsatisfactory performance is usually not relevant in 

serious misconduct cases.

[85] The matters to be taken into account under s 387 of the Act are: 

(a) whether there was a valid reason  for the dismissal related to the  person’s capacity 

or conduct (including its effect on the safety and welfare of other employees); and

(b) whether the person was notified of that reason; and 

(c) whether the person was given an opportunity to respond to any reason related to

the capacity or conduct of the person; and








[2019] FWC 3249

22

(d) any unreasonable refusal by the employer to allow the person to have a support 

person present to assist at any discussions relating to dismissal; and

(e) if the dismissal related to unsatisfactory performance by the person—whether the 

person had been warned about that unsatisfactory performance before the 

dismissal; and

(f) the degree to which the size of the employer’s enterprise would be  likely to 

impact on the procedures followed in effecting the dismissal; and

(g) the degree to which the absence of dedicated human resource  management 

specialists or expertise in the enterprise would  be  likely to  impact on the 

procedures followed in effecting the dismissal; and

(h) any other matters that the FWC considers relevant.

[86] All of the criteria in s 387 of the Act must be taken into account when the Commission 

considers whether a particular dismissal is unfair. The notion of ‘taking into account’ a

matter (such as those described in s 387 of the Act) connotes a genuine consideration of the

relevant section and the apportionment of the appropriate weight of each criterion in the 

circumstances. In Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union v Hamberger and 

Another (2011) 195 FCR 74, Katzmann J pointed out that ‘[t]o take a matter into account 

means to evaluate it and give it due weight’ and that ‘mere advertence will not be enough’. 

That said, it must also be steadily borne in mind that all of these matters must be 

considered in totality.  That this is so is obvious from the Explanatory Memorandum to the

Fair Work Bill 2008 where at para 1541, it reads:

‘1541. FWA must consider all of the above factors in totality. It is intended that
Fair Work Act 2009 will weigh up all the factors in coming to a decision about
whether a dismissal was harsh, unjust or unreasonable and no factor alone will
necessarily be determinative.’ (my emphasis)

Allegations of serious misconduct

[87] It is common ground that Ms Horan was summarily dismissed in an email from Mr

Stapleton for alleged ‘gross’ misconduct on 7 May 2018. It may be accepted that ‘serious’ 

and ‘gross’ (misconduct) mean essentially the same thing; although on one view it might be 

said the word ‘gross’ is a higher level of seriousness than ‘serious’. That said, ‘serious

misconduct’ is defined in the Act’s Regulations. Regulation 1.07 sets out a non-exhaustive

definition as follows:








[2019] FWC 3249

23

‘1.07 Meaning of serious misconduct

(1) For the definition of serious misconduct in section 12 of the Act, 
serious misconduct has its ordinary meaning.

(2) For subregulation (1), conduct that is serious misconduct includes both of
the following:

(a) wilful or deliberate behaviour by an employee that is inconsistent
with the continuation of the contract of employment;

(b) conduct that causes serious and imminent risk to: 

(i) the health or safety of a person; or

(ii) the reputation, viability or profitability of the employer’s 
business.

(3) For subregulation (1), conduct that is serious misconduct includes each of the 
following:

(a) the employee, in the course of the employee's employment, engaging
in:

(i) theft; or

(ii) fraud; or

(iii) assault;

(b) the employee being intoxicated at work;

(c) the employee refusing to carry out a lawful and reasonable instruction 
that is consistent with the employee's contract of employment.’

(my emphasis)

[88] It may be accepted that Mr Stapleton relied on subregulations (2)(a) and (b) of 

Regulation 1.07. Mr Stapleton put great emphasis on his reporting requirements under the 

Early Childhood Education National Regulations. However, reporting requirements under 

these Regulations are not findings of any breaches of the Regulations by the applicant. As far 

as I am aware, no action has been taken by any regulatory body against the applicant in 

respect to the incident. Accordingly, Mr Stapleton’s complaint notification does not take the

matter much further in the context of the Fair Work Act’s requirements. In addition, reliance 

on Regulation 1.07 is not determinative of whether an act of gross misconduct constitutes a 








[2019] FWC 3249

24

valid reason for dismissal. In Sharp v BCS Infrastructure Support Pty Limited [2015] 

FWCFB 1033, the Full Bench of the Commission said at paras [33]-[34]:

‘[33] The relevance of the definition of “serious misconduct” in reg.1.07 to the matter 
is also, with respect, obscure. Section 12 of the Act contains a definition of “serious 
misconduct” for the purposes of the Act which simply cross-refers to reg.1.07. Apart 
from s.12 itself, the expression “serious misconduct” is used in only three places in the 
Act. In s.123(1)(b), a dismissal for serious misconduct is a circumstance in which the 
notice and redundancy entitlement provisions of Pt 2-2 Div 11 are not applicable; in 
s.534(1)(b) a dismissal for serious misconduct is one to which the requirements for 
notification and  consultation in Pt 3-6  Div 2  do not  apply; and in s.789(1)(b)  a 
dismissal for serious misconduct is one in relation to which the requirements 
established by Pt 6-4 Div 3 for notification  and consultation do not apply. The 
expression “serious misconduct” is not used anywhere in Pt 3-2, Unfair Dismissal, of 
the Act. Section 392(3) requires the Commission, in relation to the award of 
compensation for an unfair dismissal, to reduce the amount that it would otherwise 
order by an appropriate amount where it is “satisfied that the misconduct of a person 
contributed to the employer’s decision to dismiss the person”. However, it is clear that 
conduct may constitute “misconduct” for the purpose of s.392(3) without necessarily 
being “serious misconduct”. The expression is used in the Small Business Fair 
Dismissal Code, but that had no application in this case (and it  is at least highly 
doubtful in any event whether the reg.1.07 definition applies to the Small Business 
Fair Dismissal Code). Reg.1.07 therefore had no work to do in the application of the 
provisions of Pt 3-2 to the circumstances of this case.

[34] It may be accepted that an assessment of the degree of seriousness of misconduct 
which has been found to constitute a valid reason for dismissal for the purposes
of s.387(a) is a relevant matter to be taken into account under s.387(h). In that
context, a conclusion that the misconduct was of such a nature as to have
justified summary dismissal may also be relevant. Even so, it is unclear that this
requires a consideration of whether an employee’s conduct met a postulated standard
of “serious misconduct”. In Rankin v Marine Power International Pty Ltd Gillard J
stated that “There is no rule of law that defines the degree of misconduct which
would justify dismissal without notice” and identified the touchstone as being
whether the conduct was of such a grave nature as to be repugnant to the
employment relationship. “Serious misconduct” is sometimes used as a rubric for
conduct of this nature, but to adopt it  as a fixed standard  for the consideration
of misconduct  for the purpose of s.387(h)  may be confusing or misleading 
because the expression, and other expressions of a similar nature, have been 
considered and applied in a variety of contexts in ways which are influenced   by  
those  contexts.  In McDonald  v  Parnell  Laboratories   (Aust) Pty Ltd Buchanan J 
said:

“[48] The terms ‘misconduct’, ‘serious misconduct’ and ‘serious and wilful 
misconduct’ are often the subject of judicial and administrative attention as 
applied to the facts of particular cases but there  is relatively little judicial 
discussion about their content and meaning. Naturally enough, when the term
‘serious  misconduct’ is under consideration an  evaluation of what conduct
represents ‘serious’ misconduct is influenced by the (usually statutory) setting 








[2019] FWC 3249

25

in  which  the  phrase  must  be  given  meaning  and  applied.  Frequently,  for 
example, the question at issue is whether an employee is disentitled by reason 
of his or her conduct to a statutory entitlement (eg. in New South Wales, where 
Ms  McDonald  was  employed,  see Long  Service  Leave  Act  1955 (NSW) s
4(2)(a)(iii); Workers  Compensation  Act  1987 (NSW) s  14(2).”’  (footnotes
omitted)

[89] The  notion  of wilful  or  deliberate  behaviour  amounting  to  serious  misconduct  is 

conduct which strikes at the heart of the employment relationship. That notion has been 

considered in a number of well-known authorities (although characterised in slightly different 

terms). In North v Television Corporation Ltd (1976) 11 ALR 599 Franki J said at p 616:

‘It is clear that a single act of disobedience may be sufficient to justify dismissal on the 
ground  of  misconduct  but  it  was  held  in  Laws  v  London  Chronicle  (Indicator 
Newspapers) Ltd [1959] 2 All ER 285, that to justify summary dismissal a single act 
must be such as to show that the employee was repudiating the contract of service or 
one of its essential conditions.’

[90] Laws v London Chronicle (Indicator Newspapers) Ltd [1959] 2 All ER 285 (referred 

to in the quote above) makes it plain that an act of disobedience or misconduct (justifying 

dismissal) requires also that the disobedience must be ‘wilful’:

‘... I do, however, think (following the passages which I have already cited) that one act 
of disobedience or misconduct can justify dismissal only if it is of a nature which goes 
to show (in effect) that the servant is repudiating the contract, or one of its essential 
conditions; and for that reason, therefore, I think that one finds in the passages which I 
have read that the disobedience must at least have the quality that it is “wilful”:  it does 
(in other words) connote a deliberate flouting of the essential contractual conditions.’

[91] In Concut Pty Ltd v Worrell (2000) 103 IR 160, His Honour, Kirby J, dealt with the 

ordinary relationship of the employer and employee at common law and said at para [51]:

‘The ordinary relationship of employer and employee at common law is one importing
implied duties of loyalty, honesty, confidentiality and mutual trust.  At common law:

“conduct which in respect of important matters is incompatible with the
fulfilment of an employee’s duty, or involves an opposition, or conflict
between his interest and his duty to his employer, or impedes the faithful
performance of his obligations, or is destructive of the necessary confidence
between employer and employee, is a ground of dismissal. ...[T]he conduct of
the employee must itself involve the incompatibility, conflict, or impediment,
or be destructive of confidence. An actual repugnance between his acts and his
relationship must be found. It is not enough that ground for uneasiness as to its
future conduct arises.”








[2019] FWC 3249

26

In the present case, the findings at trial went beyond mere uneasiness as to the future.
They necessitated, or at least warranted, a conclusion that the “confidence” essential to
the relationship of employer and employee had been destroyed. Instead of pursuing the 
interests of the company and its shareholders, the employee had pursued his own
private interests. Not only was the employee in breach of his duty of fidelity and trust
owed to the employer, he had remained in breach of that duty to the date of the trial.

Until that time he had not accounted for the benefits wrongly appropriated by him.
Indeed, he had denied any wrongful appropriation. The issue so tendered at the trial
was determined against the employee. He was then subject to the employer’s 
counterclaim for an order to make a refund. Such order was duly made at trial. It was 
not contested on appeal. Given his senior status in the company’s service and the 
nature and extent of the misconduct disclosed in the evidence and accepted by the 
primary judge, it was open to him to find that the employee had undermined the 
confidence essential to the ongoing relationship of employment. Prima facie, this had 
afforded a legal justification for the employee’s summary dismissal.

It is, however, only the exceptional circumstances that an ordinary employer is entitled
at common law to dismiss an employee summarily. Whatever the position may be in
relation to ‘isolated’ acts of negligence, incompetence or unsuitability, it cannot be
disputed (statute or express contractual provision aside) that acts of dishonesty or
similar conduct destructive of the mutual trust between the employer and employee,
once discovered, ordinarily fall within the class of conduct which, without more,
authorises summary dismissal. Exceptions to this general position may exist for trivial
breaches of the express or implied terms of the contract of employment. Other
exceptions may arise where the breaches are ancient in time and where they may have
been waived in the past, although known to the employer. Some breaches may be
judged irrelevant to the duties of the particular employee and an ongoing relationship
with the employer. But these exceptional cases apart, the establishment of important,
relevant instances of misconduct, such as dishonesty on the part of an employee like
Mr Wells, will normally afford legal justification for summary dismissal. Such a case
will be classified as amounting to a relevant repudiation or renunciation by the
employee of the employment contract, thus warranting summary dismissal.’

[92] In cases of summary dismissal, the onus rests on the employer to prove, to the

Commission’s satisfaction, that the misconduct, has in fact, occurred. This is why I have

adopted the practice of requiring the employer to file and serve its evidence first when I issue

directions in preparation for a serious misconduct unfair dismissal case (as I did in this case).

While this evidentiary onus must be discharged on the civil onus of proof (on the balance of

probabilities); Briginshaw v Briginshaw [1938] HCA 34; (1938) 60 CLR 336 (‘Briginshaw’), 

the more serious the allegation, the higher the burden on the employer to prove the allegation. 

In Neat Holdings Pty Ltd v Karajan Holdings Pty Ltd (1992) 110 ALR 449, the High Court 

said:








[2019] FWC 3249

27

‘The ordinary standard of proof required of a party who bears the onus in civil litigation 
in this country is proof on the balance of probabilities. That remains so even where the 
matter to be proved involves criminal conduct or fraud. On the other hand, the strength 
of the evidence necessary to establish a fact or facts on the balance of probabilities 
may vary according to the nature of what it is sought to prove. Thus, authoritative  
statements  have  often  been  made  to  the  effect  that  clear  proof  is necessary 
"where so serious a matter as fraud is to be found". Statements to that effect should 
not, however, be understood as directed to the standard of proof. Rather, they should 
be understood as merely reflecting a conventional perception that members of our 
society do not ordinarily engage in fraudulent or criminal conduct and a judicial 
approach  that  a  court  should  not  lightly  make  a  finding  that,  on  the  balance  of 
probabilities, a party to civil litigation has been guilty of such conduct.’ (footnotes 
omitted)

[93] That the Commission, for itself, must be satisfied that the misconduct occurred, is well 

established by the authorities of the Commission and its predecessors. In King v Freshmore 

(Vic) Pty Ltd [2000] AIRC 1019, a Full Bench of the AIRC said at paras [24], [26], [28] and 

[29]:

‘[24] The question of whether the alleged conduct took place and what it involved is to 
be determined by the Commission on the basis of the evidence in the proceedings 
before it. The test is not whether the employer believed, on reasonable grounds after 
sufficient enquiry, that the employee was guilty of the conduct which resulted in 
termination.

...

[26] As we have noted above, s.170CG(3)(a) obliges the Commission to  make a 
finding as to whether there was a valid reason for the termination of employment. In 
circumstances where a reason for termination is based on the conduct of the employee 
the Commission must also determine whether the alleged conduct took place and what 
it involved.

...

[28] It is apparent from the above extract that his Honour answered the question of 
whether the alleged misconduct took place on the basis of whether it was reasonably 
open to the employer to conclude that the employee was guilty of the misconduct 
which resulted in termination. This is not the correct approach. The Commission's 
obligation  is to  determine,  for itself  and  on  the  basis  of the  evidence  in  the
proceedings before it, whether the alleged misconduct took place and what it
involved.

[29] In our view the Senior Deputy President failed to determine for himself whether
Mr King was guilty of misconduct in the way alleged by Freshmore and he should 
have done so as part of determining whether the termination had been harsh, unjust or 
unreasonable. When the reason for a termination is based on the misconduct of 
the employee the Commission must, if it is an issue in the proceedings challenging 








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the termination, determine whether the conduct occurred. The absence of such a 
finding leads us to conclude that the member below failed to properly determine 
whether there was a valid reason for the termination of Mr King's employment.’ (my 
emphasis)

[94] Even accepting that a finding of serious misconduct was open to Mr Stapleton, it must 

not be confused with the statutory language and the relevant tests to be applied. The statute 

still requires the Commission to find that there was, or was not, a valid reason for dismissal (s 

387(a)). In Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology v Asher [2010] FWAFB 1200, a Full 

Bench of Fair Work Australia (as the Commission then was) held at para [16]:

‘[16] In the circumstances of this matter the University purported to terminate Dr 
Asher’s employment for serious misconduct within the meaning of that term in the 
University’s enterprise agreement. If it successfully established that Dr Asher had 
engaged in serious misconduct it would necessarily follow that there was a valid 
reason for the dismissal. However, the converse is not true. As established by Annetta, 
the question that needed to be considered was whether there was a “valid reason” in 
the Selvachandran sense – whether the reason was sound, defensible or well founded. 
Whether it also amounted to serious misconduct may well be a factor relating to the 
overall characterisation of the termination but it was not an essential requirement in the
determination of whether a valid reason exists.’

Education and Care Service National Law Act 2010, No 69 of 2010 and Regulations

[95] Given the emphasis, Mr Stapleton placed on his obligations under the Education and 

Care Service Act and its Regulations, I set out below their relevant provisions in the context 

of the applicant’s conduct and dismissal. Section 8 defines the Regulatory authority as the 

Department of Education and Early Childhood Development. Section 166 makes it an offence

for a staff member to use inappropriate discipline on a child. It reads:

‘166 Offence to use inappropriate discipline

(1) The approved provider of an education and care service must ensure that no 
child being educated and cared for by the service is subjected to—

(a) any form of corporal punishment; or 

(b) any discipline that is unreasonable in the circumstances. Penalty: 
$10 000, in the case of an individual. $50 000, in any other case. 

(2) A nominated supervisor of an education and care service must ensure that no 
child being educated and cared for by the service is subjected to—

(a) any form of corporal punishment; or 








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(b) any discipline that is unreasonable in the circumstances. Penalty: 
$10 000. 

(3) A staff member of, or a volunteer at, an education and care service must not 
subject any child being educated and cared for by the service to—

(a) any form of corporal punishment; or 

(b) any discipline that is unreasonable in the circumstances. Penalty: 
$10 000. 

(4) A family day care educator must not subject any child being educated and cared 
for by the educator as part of a family day care service to—

(a) any form of corporal punishment; or 

(b) any discipline that is unreasonable in the circumstances. Penalty: 
$10 000.’ (my emphasis)

[96] Section 174 requires an approved provider at ss(2) to notify of any complaints alleging 

a serious incident. The full section reads:

‘174 Offence to fail to notify certain information to Regulatory Authority 

(1) An approved provider must notify the Regulatory Authority of the following 
information in relation to the approved provider or each approved education and care 
service operated by the approved provider—

(a) any change relevant to whether the approved provider is a fit and proper 
person to be involved in the provision of an education and care service; 

(b) information in respect of any other prescribed matters. Penalty: $4000, in 
the case of an individual. $20 000, in any other case. 

(2) An approved provider must notify the Regulatory Authority of the following 
information in relation to an approved education and care service operated by the 
approved provider—

(a) any serious incident at the approved education and care service; 

(b) any complaints alleging—

(i) that a serious incident has occurred or is occurring while a child 
was or is being educated and cared for by the approved education 
and care service; or 

(ii) that this Law has been contravened; 








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(c) information in respect of any other prescribed matters. Penalty: $4000, in 
the case of an individual. $20 000, in any other case.

(3) A notice under subsection (1) must be in writing and be provided within the 
relevant prescribed time to the Regulatory Authority that granted the provider 
approval. 

(4) A notice under subsection (2) must be in writing and be provided within the 
relevant prescribed time to—

(a) the Regulatory Authority that granted the service approval for the 
education and care service to which the notice relates; and 

(b) in the case of a family day care service, the Regulatory Authority in each 
participating jurisdiction in which the family day care service operates.’
(my emphasis)

[97] Section 182 makes provision for the Regulatory Authority to issue a prohibition notice 

to a person in the following circumstances:

‘182 Grounds for giving prohibition notice

(1) The Regulatory Authority may give a prohibition notice to a person who is in any 
way involved in the provision of an approved education and care service if it considers 
that there may be an unacceptable risk of harm to a child or children if the person were 
allowed—

(a) to remain on the education and care service premises; or 

(b) to provide education and care to children.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), a person may be involved in the provision of an 
approved education and care service as any of the following—

(a) an approved provider; 

(b) a nominated supervisor;

(c) an educator; 

(d) a family day care educator; 

(e) an employee; 

(f) a contractor; 

(g) a volunteer;








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(h) a person who was formerly a person referred to in paragraphs (a) to (g) in 
relation to the approved education and care service— or in any other capacity

(3) The Regulatory Authority may give a prohibition notice to a person to—

(a) prohibit the person from being nominated as a nominated supervisor if the 
Regulatory Authority considers the person is not a fit and proper person to be 
nominated as a nominated supervisor of a service; or 

(b) impose one or more conditions on the nomination of the person as a 
nominated supervisor that the Regulatory Authority considers appropriate, if 
the Regulatory Authority considers the person is a fit and proper person to be 
nominated as a nominated supervisor of a service subject to those conditions.

[98] In the Act’s Regulations there are certain requirements on the approved provider to 

notify of an incident at the Centre. Reg 86 requires 24 hours’ notice to the parent of any child 

involved in an incident, injury, trauma or illness while the child is in the approved provider’s 

care.

[99] Reg 87 requires the approved provider to keep a Register or record of any incident 

which must include:

‘(a)  details of any incident in relation to a child or injury received by a child or 
trauma to which a child has been subjected while being educated and cared for by the 
education and care service or the family day care educator, including—

(i)  the name and age of the child; and

(ii)  the circumstances leading to the incident, injury or trauma; and

(iii)  the time and date the incident occurred, the injury was received or the 
child was subjected to the trauma;

(b)  details of any illness which becomes apparent while the child is being educated 
and cared for by the education and care service or the family day care educator 
including—

(i)  the name and age of the child; and

(ii)  the relevant circumstances surrounding the child becoming ill and any 
apparent symptoms; and

(iii)  the time and date of the apparent onset of the illness;

(c)  details of the action taken by the education and care service or family day care 
educator in relation to any incident, injury, trauma or illness which a child has 








[2019] FWC 3249

32

suffered while being educated and cared for by the education and care service or 
family day care educator, including—

(i)  any medication administered or first aid provided; and

(ii)  any medical personnel contacted;

(d)  details of any person who witnessed the incident, injury or trauma;

(e)  the name of any person—

(i)  whom the education and care service notified or attempted to notify, of any 
incident, injury, trauma or illness which a child has suffered while being 
educated and cared for by the education and care service or family day care 
educator; and

(ii)  the time and date of the notifications or attempted notifications;

(f)  the name and signature of the person making an entry in the record, and the time 
and date that the entry was made.’ (my emphasis)

[100] Division 2 requires the approved provider to have in place policies and procedures in 

respect to a number of matters including:

‘(b)  incident, injury, trauma and illness procedures complying with regulation 85;

(c)  dealing with infectious diseases, including procedures complying with regulation 
88;

(d)  dealing with medical conditions in children, including the matters set out in 
regulation 90;

(e)  emergency and evacuation, including the matters set out in regulation 97;

(f)  delivery of children to, and collection of children from, education and care service 
premises, including procedures complying with regulation 99;

(g)  excursions, including procedures complying with regulations 100 to 102;

(h)  providing a child safe environment;

(i)  staffing, including—

(i)  a code of conduct for staff members; and

(ii)  determining the responsible person present at the service; and

(iii)  the participation of volunteers and students on practicum placements;








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(j)  interactions with children, including the matters set out in regulations 155 and 
156;

(k)  enrolment and orientation;

(l)  governance and management of the service, including confidentiality of records;

(m)  the acceptance and refusal of authorisations;

(n)  payment of fees and provision of a statement of fees charged by the education and 
care service;

(o)  dealing with complaints.’

(my emphasis)

[101] Reg 175 requires prescribed information to be notified to the Regulatory Authority and 

subregulation 2 provides:

‘(2) For the purposes of section 174(2)(c) of the Law, the following matters are 
prescribed—

(a)  any change to the hours and days of operation of the education and care 
service;

(b)  any incident that requires the approved provider to close, or reduce the 
number of children attending, the education and care service for a period;

Example.
A flood or a fire that requires an approved provider to close the education 
and care service premises (or part of those premises) while repairs are 
undertaken.

(c)  any circumstance arising at the service that poses a risk to the health, safety 
or wellbeing of a child or children attending the service;

(ca)  the attendance at the approved education and care service of any additional child 
or children being educated and cared for in an emergency in the circumstances set out 
in regulation 123(5), including—

(i)  a description of the emergency; and

(ii)  a statement by the approved provider that the approved provider had taken 
into account the safety, health and wellbeing of all the children attending the 
education and care service when deciding to provide education and care to the 
additional child or children.








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(d)  any incident where the approved provider reasonably believes that physical abuse 
or sexual abuse of a child or children has occurred or is occurring while the child is or 
the children are being educated and cared for by the education and care service;

(e)  allegations that physical or sexual abuse of a child or children has occurred or is 
occurring while the child is or the children are being educated and cared for by the 
education and care service (other than an allegation that has been notified under 
section 174(2)(b) of the Law).’ (my emphasis)

[102] Regulation 176 requires 24 hours’ notice to the Regulatory Authority of any complaint 

or incident referred to in s 174(2)(b) of the Act.

Witness evidence

[103] In my opinion, there was no serious challenge to the applicant’s version of events of 2 

May 2018. Nor was Ms Currey’s corroborative evidence undermined in cross examination. 

To the extent that I could be comfortably satisfied that Ms Cox’s investigation justified a 

positive finding of misconduct, on the balance of probabilities, it fell well short of that mark. 

Putting aside the many inconsistencies in the supposed consistent statements of the witnesses 

(Ms Curtis, Mr Stephens and Mr Foster, in particular), to draw a conclusion of overall 

consistency, without taking into account any explanation from the applicant or Ms Currey,

must result in a seriously flawed investigation, which manifested an injustice. The applicant’s 

career in childcare might have been irreparably damaged, if not destroyed. I intend to correct 

such an injustice. Mr Davis provided a useful evidence matrix which plainly demonstrated the 

inconsistencies in the ‘consistent’ evidence. These included:

(a) Whether the child was picked up and carried, or forcibly pulled by the arm or 

pushed through the door. 

(b) Whether the child was in the other room for about 5 minutes or 30 seconds and 

whether he followed the applicant back. 

(c) Only one person said the applicant was yelling (Mr Foster).

(d) Significantly, despite all staff being trained as to not isolating a misbehaving child 

in an ‘exclusion spot’, and a specific question in their interviews, no witness 

described the applicant’s placement of ‘G’ as being to an ‘exclusion spot.’   

[104] To my mind, Mr Foster’s version of events was intended to cast the applicant in the 

worst possible light. Until Mr Foster’s cross examination, it was not disclosed he was the 

anonymous complainant. On crucial issues, Mr Foster’s evidence was inconsistent with 








[2019] FWC 3249

35

almost everyone else, or was embellished or exaggerated by the recent unpleasant incidents 

involving the applicant. It is not apparent whether Mr Stapleton or Ms Cox knew Mr Foster 

was the anonymous complainant, or were aware of a possible motive he had for lodging the 

anonymous complaint, including him withdrawing his son from the Centre. If they did, they 

most certainly did not take this into account. It is clear he did not disclose that he was the 

anonymous complainant to Ms Cox during her investigation. 

[105] It seems to me that, at best, one must consider Mr Foster’s highly negative statement 

from the standpoint that he had to ensure that his complaint stood up to scrutiny, otherwise he 

might be in trouble for making false allegations. At worst, it might be said he was motivated 

by mala fide intent, to overly dramatise a common workplace incident in a child care centre, 

in order to damage the applicant, the Centre or both. It is unnecessary for me to make direct 

findings in this respect, as I am satisfied his statement and oral evidence, where it conflicts 

with the applicant and Ms Currey, is not to be preferred. I make no adverse findings against 

Ms Curtis, Ms Stephens or Ms Leach, as I am satisfied that they were doing their best in a 

difficult and pressurised situation. Further comment as to Ms Cox’s and Mr Stapleton’s 

evidence, will be discussed shortly; suffice at this point, to say that I do not accept that Mr 

Stapleton or Mr Hill told the applicant the details of the allegations in the 4.30pm phone call 

on 3 May 2018. I accept the applicant’s evidence in this respect.

[106] In my view, Mr Stapleton’s confusing evidence as to why he did not take Ms Currey’s 

statement into account, was really because he wanted to demonstrate to the Regulator that he 

had taken swift and decisive disciplinary action against the applicant, so as to not place his 

accredited provider licence in jeopardy. In doing so, he may have satisfied his own conscience 

and the Department’s requirements, but he did not afford to the applicant her rights as 

prescribed by the Fair Work Act. There was no reason for a rush of judgement and a 

subsequent dismissal. Indeed on one view, the investigation was ongoing for at least another 9 

days, until 14 May 2018, when Ms Currey was interviewed. If the investigation was as 

thorough and complete as Mr Morphett submitted, it was utterly irrelevant to interview Ms 

Currey, when her evidence would not have made a skerrick of difference (and did not 

anyway). 

[107] On my reading of the Regulatory mandate, Mr Stapleton was only required to notify of 

the incident within 24 hours. He went further by advising of the applicant’s suspension and of 

an investigation having been commenced. Far worse, he rushed to judgement, without 








[2019] FWC 3249

36

affording the applicant natural justice. There was no legal, ethical or logical reason to do so. 

He could have, for example, kept the applicant on suspension, accepted her reasonable request 

for 24 hours’ notice of a directed meeting and provide her with the details of the complaint by 

email. These are the usual and orthodox steps taken in employment situations such as this. It

is true, as Mr Stapleton put, that there is nothing in the Regulations requiring 24 hours’ notice 

to be given to a person about whom a complaint has been made. However, Mr Stapleton 

confuses his separate obligations under s 387(c) of the Act, to afford the applicant a 

(reasonable) opportunity to respond to the allegations. The notice given was not reasonable,

and even less so given that she was not provided with the actual details of the allegations in 

writing (or at all). 

Meaning of harsh, unjust or unreasonable 

[108] The meaning of valid reason in s 387(a) is drawn from the judgement of North J in 

Selvachandran v Peterson Plastics Pty Ltd (1995) 62 IR 371 (‘Selvanchandran’). This 

meaning has been considered and applied by members of the Commission and its 

predecessors for many years. For example, in Rode v Burwood Mitsubishi Print R4471, a Full 

Bench of the then-Australian Industrial Relations Commission (‘ALRC’) discussed the 

meaning of valid reason in the context of the relevant provisions of the Workplace Relations 

Act 1996, citing Selvachandran. The following is an extract from the Full Bench’s decision at 

para [17]:

‘[17] In relation to the meaning of “valid reason” the following remarks of Northrop J in 
Selvachandran v Peterson Plastics Pty Ltd are relevant:

“Section 170DE(1) refers to a ‘valid reason or valid reasons’, but the Act does 
not give a meaning to those phrases or the adjective ‘valid’. A reference to 
dictionaries shows that the word ‘valid’ has a number of different meanings 
depending on the context in which it is used. In the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, 
the relevant meaning given is: ‘2. Of an argument, assertion, objection, etc; 
well founded and applicable, sound, defensible: Effective, having some force, 
pertinency, or value.’ In the Macquarie Dictionary the relevant meaning is 
sound, just or wellfounded; a valid reason.’

In its context in s 170DE(1), the adjective ‘valid’ should be given the meaning  
of sound, defensible or wellfounded. A reason which is capricious, fanciful, 
spiteful or prejudiced could never be a valid reason for the purposes of s 
170DE(1). At the same time the reason must be valid in the context of the 
employee’s capacity or conduct based upon the operational requirements of the 
employer’s business. Further, in considering whether a reason is valid, it must 
be remembered that the requirement applies in the practical sphere of the 








[2019] FWC 3249

37

relationship between an employer and an employee where each has rights and 
privileges and duties and obligations conferred and imposed on them. The 
provisions must be applied in a practical, commonsense way to ensure that the 
employer and employee are each treated fairly, see what was said by Wilcox 
CJ in Gibson v Bosmac Pty Ltd, when considering the construction and 
application of a s170DC.”

[18] While Selvachandran was decided under the former statutory scheme the above 
observations remain relevant in the context of s.170CG(3)(a). A valid reason is one 
which is sound, defensible or well founded. A reason for termination which is 
capricious, fanciful, spiteful or prejudiced is not a valid reason for the purpose of 
s.170CG(3)(a).

[19] We agree with the appellant’s submission that in order to constitute a valid reason 
within the meaning of s.170CG(3)(a) the reason for termination must be justifiable on 
an objective analysis of the relevant facts. It is not sufficient for an employer to simply 
show that he or she acted in the belief that the termination was for a valid reason.’

See also: Nettlefold v Kym Smoker Pty Ltd (1996) 69 IR 370. 

[109] Having regard for my credit findings above, it should come as no surprise that I am 

satisfied there was no valid reason for the applicant’s dismissal. The decision was ‘unsound, 

indefensible and ill founded’ and based entirely on a hopelessly flawed investigation. By 

reference to the letter of dismissal, I specifically find that the applicant:

(a) did not forcibly remove a child to an ‘exclusion spot’; 

(b) did not yell at the child; and

(c) did not pull the child through the door.

[110] The applicant acted reasonably and appropriately in all the circumstances and in 

accordance with the Centre’s policies and procedures. These conclusions strongly tell in 

favour of a finding of unfairness.

Further matters to be considered under s 387 of the Act

[111] Subsections (b)-(e) of s 387 are generally grouped under the rubric of ‘procedural

fairness’ or ‘natural justice’ issues. To highlight the importance of procedural fairness issues, 

in unfair dismissal cases, I cite four authorities on the subject. In Crozier v Palazzo

Corporation Pty Limited t/as Noble Storage and Transport (2000) 98 IR 137 (‘Crozier v

Palazzo’), a Full Bench of the AIRC said at para [73]:

‘As a matter of logic procedural fairness would require that an employee be notified of a
valid reason for their termination before any decision is taken to terminate their








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employment in order to provide them with an opportunity to respond to the reason
identified. Section 170CG(3)(b) and (c) would have very little (if any) practical effect
if it was sufficient to notify employees and give them an opportunity to respond after a
decision had been taken to terminate their employment.’

[112] In Wadey v YMCA Canberra [1996] IRCA 568, Moore J made clear that an employer

cannot merely pay ‘lip service’ to giving an employee an opportunity to respond to allegations 

concerning an employee’s conduct. His Honour said:

‘In my opinion the obligation imposed on an employer by that section has, for present
purposes, two relevant aspects. The first is that the employee must be made aware 
allegations concerning the employee's conduct so as to be able to respond to them. The
second is that the employee must be given an opportunity to defend himself or herself.
The second aspect, the opportunity to defend, implies an opportunity that might result
in the employer deciding not to terminate the employment if the defence is of
substance. An employer may simply go through the motions of giving the employee an
opportunity to deal with allegations concerning conduct when, in substance, a firm
decision to terminate had already been made which would be adhered to irrespective of
anything the employee might say in his or her defence. That, in my opinion, does not
constitute an opportunity to defend.’

[113] Nevertheless, procedural fairness steps should be applied in a commonsense and

practical way. In Gibson v Bosmac Pty Ltd (1995) 60 IR 1 (‘Gibson’), Wilcox CJ said at [7]:

‘Ordinarily, before being dismissed for reasons related to conduct or performance, an
employee must be made aware of the particular matters that are putting his or her job
at risk and given an adequate opportunity of defence. However, I also pointed out that
the section does not require any particular formality. It is intended to be applied in a
practical, commonsense way so as to ensure that the affected employee is treated
fairly. Where the employee is aware of the precise nature of the employer's concern
about his or her conduct or performance and has a full opportunity to respond to this
concern, this is enough to satisfy the requirements of the section.’

[114] It goes without saying that any issue (or issues) of procedural unfairness may not be of 

such significance as to outweigh the substantive reason (or reasons) for an employee’s 

dismissal, particularly in cases of misconduct where the proven misconduct is of such gravity

as to outweigh any other considerations in respect to ‘harshness’, such as age, length of 

service, employment record, contrition or personal and family circumstances. In Bostik 

Australia Pty Ltd v Gorgevski (No 1) [1992] FCA 271; (1992) 36 FCR 20, the Federal Court   

of Australia Industrial Division said at [37]:

‘Harsh, unjust and unreasonable








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37. These are ordinary non-technical words which are intended to apply to an infinite 
variety of situations where employment is terminated. We do not think any 
redefinition or paraphrase of the expression is desirable. We agree with the learned 
trial judge’s view that a court must decide whether the decision of the employer to 
dismiss was, viewed objectively, harsh, unjust or unreasonable. Relevant to this are the 
circumstances which led to the decision to dismiss and also the effect of that decision 
on the employer.  Any harsh effect on the individual is clearly relevant but of course 
not conclusive. Other matters have to be considered such as the gravity of the 
employee’s misconduct.’ (my emphasis)

[115] I make the following observations and findings. In my view, Ms Cox’s investigation 

process was so flawed and hastily conducted and finalised, that I am left with little alternative 

but to find that the applicant was denied procedural fairness on a wide scale. For example:

(1) she was denied 24 hours’ notice to arrange a support person to attend any meeting 

to discuss the matter;

(2) she was not provided with details of the anonymous complaint at the time, or any 

time subsequently; let alone provided with the details of the allegations, in 

writing;

(3) Ms Cox maintained her and Mr Stapleton’s decision to dismiss was based solely 

on witness accounts which were said to be consistent. Putting aside my conclusion 

that the accounts were not consistent at all, it would have been reasonable to 

assume that both the applicant and Ms Currey might have provided accounts 

which would challenge the claim of consistency. This opportunity was denied to 

both of them;

(4) it was hasty, unrealistic and unreasonable to form a considered view as to the 

applicant’s dismissal, one business day after the staff interviews, particularly as 

the applicant was not given a reasonable or fair opportunity to respond;

(5) why Ms Cox believed it was necessary to interview Ms Currey a week after the 

applicant’s dismissal, is difficult to fathom. The fateful decision had already been 

made and there was no evidence from the respondent that had Ms Currey’s 

version of events cast a different light, or at least demonstrated inconsistencies 

with the other staff interviews, that it would not have made a jot of difference;

(6) there was no reference until her oral evidence, that Ms Cox doubted Ms Currey’s 

truthfulness or doubted her recollections due to her assumed emotional state at the 

time;

(7) Mr Stapleton’s evidence was that the applicant refused to attend a meeting. This is 

incorrect and misleading. The applicant had requested 24 hours’ notice and she 








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was never given any such notice at any time, despite a period of 11 days before 

Ms Currey’s interview. In any event, why would the applicant return phone calls 

when all the respondent had to do was give her 24 hours’ notice by email while 

she was still employed. Overarching all of this was Mr Stapleton’s concession, in 

oral evidence, that 24 hours’ notice of the meeting, was a reasonable request. 

Whether the person was notified of that reason (s 387(b))

[116] The applicant was notified of her dismissal in an email letter from Mr Stapleton sent to 

her around 6pm on 7 May 2018, see [3] above. Mr Stapleton’s haste in dismissing her was 

crude, unseemly, unacceptable and exacerbated the unfairness of her dismissal. In my view, 

informing an employee of their dismissal by phone, text or email is an inappropriate means of 

conveying a decision which has such serious ramifications for an employee. I consider it 

would only be in rare circumstances that a decision to dismiss an employee should not be 

conveyed in person. For example, it may be necessary where the employer believes a 

dismissed employee might be a threat to the safety of his/her employees or because the 

employee expressly did not want a ‘face to face’ meeting to hear the outcome of any 

disciplinary process. I agree with Commissioner Cambridge when he said in Knutson v 

Chesson Pty Ltd t/a Pay Per Click [2018] FWC 2080 at [47]:

‘[47] The employer provided notification of dismissal by email communication sent at 
8.53pm on 6 November 2017. Notification of dismissal should not be made by email 
communication. Unless there is some genuine apprehension of physical violence or 
geographical impediment, the message of dismissal should be conveyed face trot face. 
To do otherwise is unnecessarily callous. Even in circumstances where email or 
electronic communications are ordinarily used, the advice of termination of 
employment is a matter of such significance that basic human dignity requires that 
dismissal be conveyed personally with arrangements for the presence of a support 
person and documentary confirmation.’

Whether the person was given an opportunity to respond to any reason related to the 
capacity or conduct of the person (s 387(c))

[117] As mentioned earlier the applicant was given no reasonable opportunity to respond to 

the allegations and never refused to do so. All she wanted was 24 hours’ notice of the meeting 

and details of the allegations. The respondent’s conduct was akin to having made the decision 

to dismiss the applicant without affording her any opportunity to defend herself. This factor 

strongly tells in favour of a finding of unfairness.








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Any unreasonable refusal by the employer to allow the person to have a support person 
present to assist at any discussions relating to dismissal (s 387(d))

[118] There was no meeting with the applicant, and her request for 24 hours’ notice of a 

meeting was due in part because she needed to arrange Union representation or a support 

person. Given her workplace was in Dubbo, such notice was entirely reasonable. The 

respondent’s failure to afford her this opportunity contributes to a finding of unfairness.

If the dismissal related to unsatisfactory performance by the person--whether the person 
had been warned about that unsatisfactory performance before the dismissal (s 387(e))

[119] As the applicant’s dismissal was for misconduct, this criterion is not relevant for 

present purposes. 

The degree to which the size of the employer's enterprise would be likely to impact on 
the procedures followed in effecting the dismissal, and the degree to which the absence 
of dedicated human resource management specialists or expertise in the enterprise 
would be likely to impact on the procedures followed in effecting the dismissal (ss 387(f) 
and (g))

[120] Mr Stapleton and Mr Hill’s enterprise is not a small business, but it is not a large one 

in relative terms. The Centre is in a regional location of New South Wales. It was apparent to 

me that Mr Stapleton does not have a detailed understanding of his obligations under 

workplace law and relied in large part on Ms Cox, who also appeared to have a limited 

knowledge of what an objectively and legally sound investigation should look like. That said, 

Mr Stapleton claimed he had acted on legal advice at the time. If this was correct, he should 

insist on a refund of any fees paid for such advice to a lawyer or agent. It resulted in a 

hopelessly flawed investigation and numerous breaches of s 387 of the Act. This factor does 

not favour any weight to be given to the size of the enterprise or the availability of human 

resources and/or employment advice.

Any other matters the FWC considers relevant (s 387(h))

[121] The applicant was employed for two years. There was no evidence of any performance 

or conduct issues during that period. The fact she had acted up for Ms Cox as Nominated 

Supervisor would seem to demonstrate management’s acceptance of her competence and 

abilities in a position of significant responsibility.








[2019] FWC 3249

42

[122] The applicant suffered serious reputational damage by the false allegations made 

against her. This is exacerbated by the fact she lives and works in a regional location in 

central New South Wales. Despite this, the applicant has obtained alternative employment. 

She is to be commended for her initiative and success in this respect. Nevertheless, she is 

entitled to be vindicated by this decision. I have taken these matters into account.

[123] For all of the aforementioned reasons, I am satisfied that Ms Horan’s dismissal on 7 

May 2018 was ‘harsh, unjust and unreasonable’ within the meaning of s 387 of the Act. Her 

dismissal was manifestly unfair, both as to substance and procedure. 

Appropriate remedy

[124] The remedies for unfair dismissal are set out in s 390 of the Act as follows: 

‘390 When the FWC may order remedy for unfair dismissal

(1) Subject to subsection (3), the FWC may order a person’s reinstatement, or the
payment of compensation to a person, if:

(a) the FWC is satisfied that the person was protected from unfair dismissal 
(see Division 2) at the time of being dismissed; and

(b) the person has been unfairly dismissed (see Division 3).

(2) The FWC may make the order only if the person has made an application under 
section 394.

(3) The FWC must not order the payment of compensation to the person unless:

(a) the FWC is satisfied that reinstatement of the person is inappropriate; and

(b) the FWC considers an order for payment of compensation is appropriate in 
all the circumstances of the case.

Note: Division 5 deals with procedural matters such as applications for 
remedies.’

[125] Given that the applicant does not seek reinstatement and has secured alternative 

employment, I am satisfied that reinstatement is inappropriate. This leads to compensatory 

considerations. 








[2019] FWC 3249

43

[126] Section 392 of the Act sets out matters the Commission must have regard to when 

determining: 

(a) whether compensation should be ordered;

(b) if so, what amount of compensation should be ordered;

(c) the effect of any order as to any findings of misconduct by the applicant; 

(d) the upper limit of compensation; and

(e) specific matters not to be taken into account.

[127] Section 392 reads as follows:

‘392 Remedy—compensation

Compensation

(1) An order for the payment of compensation to a person must be an order that the 
person’s employer at the time of the dismissal pay compensation to the person in lieu 
of reinstatement.

Criteria for deciding amounts

(2) In determining an amount for the purposes of an order under subsection (1), the 
FWC must take into account all the circumstances of the case including:

(a) the effect of the order on the viability of the employer’s enterprise; and

(b) the length of the person’s service with the employer; and

(c) the remuneration that the person would have received, or would have been 
likely to receive, if the person had not been dismissed; and

(d) the efforts of the person (if any) to mitigate the loss suffered by the person 
because of the dismissal; and

(e) the   amount   of   any   remuneration   earned   by   the   person   from 
employment or other work during the period between the dismissal and the 
making of the order for compensation; and

(f) the amount of any income reasonably likely to be so earned by the person  
during the period between the making of the order for compensation and the 
actual compensation; and

(g) any other matter that the FWC considers relevant.

Misconduct reduces amount








[2019] FWC 3249

44

(3) If  the  FWC  is  satisfied  that  misconduct  of  a  person  contributed  to  the
employer’s decision to dismiss the person, the FWC must reduce the amount it would
otherwise order under subsection (1) by an appropriate amount on account of the 
misconduct.

Shock, distress etc. disregarded

(4) The amount ordered by the FWC to be paid to a person under subsection (1) 
must  not  include  a  component  by  way  of  compensation  for  shock,  distress  or 
humiliation, or other  analogous  hurt,  caused to  the person  by the  manner of the 
person’s dismissal.

Compensation cap

(5)       The amount ordered by the FWC to be paid to a person under subsection (1)
must not exceed the lesser of:

(a)       the amount worked out under subsection (6); and

(b)       half the amount of the high income threshold immediately before the 
dismissal.

(6)      The amount is the total of the following amounts: 

(a)       the total amount of remuneration:

(i) received by the person; or

(ii)          to which the person was entitled;

(whichever is higher) for any period of employment with the employer during 
the 26 weeks immediately before the dismissal; and

(b) if the employee was on leave without pay or without full pay while so 
employed during any part of that period—the amount of remuneration taken to 
have been received by the employee for the period of leave in accordance with 
the regulations.

[128] The  methodology to  be  adopted  by  the  Commission  in  calculating  compensation 

having regard  for each of the matters set out in s 392 of the Act (often referred to as the 

Sprigg formula), was considered by a Full Bench of the Commission in Bowden v Ottrey 

Homes  Cobram  and  District  Retirement  Villages  Inc.  t/a  Ottrey  Lodge [2013]  FWCFB 

431 (‘Ottrey’);  see  also: Sprigg  v  Paul’s  Licensed  Festival  Supermarket (1998)  88  IR 21 

and Ellawala  v  Australian  Postal  Corporation [1999]  AIRC  1250. A  Full  Bench  said in 

Balaclava Pastoral Co Pty Ltd t/a Australian Hotel Cowra v Nurcombe [2017] FWCFB 429 

(‘Balaclava’) at [42]- [43]:








[2019] FWC 3249

45

‘[42] The correct approach to the assessment of compensation was summarised by the 
Full Bench in the recent decision in Double N Equipment Hire Pty Ltd t/a A1 
Distributions v Alan Humphries  as follows (footnotes omitted):

“[16] The well-established approach to the assessment of compensation under 
s.392 of the FW Act, taking into account the matters specified in s.392(2), is to 
apply the “Sprigg formula” derived from the Australian Industrial Relations 
Commission Full Bench decision in Sprigg v Paul Licensed Festival 
Supermarket.  This approach was articulated in the context of the FW Act 
in Bowden v Ottrey Homes Cobram and District Retirement Villages. Under 
that approach, the first step to be taken in assessing compensation is to consider 
s.392(2)(c) - that is, to determine what the applicant would have received, or 
would have been likely to receive, if the person had not been dismissed. 
In Bowden this was described in the following way:

‘[33] The first step in this process - the assessment of remuneration lost -
is a necessary element in determining an amount to be ordered in lieu of 
reinstatement. Such an assessment is often difficult, but it must be done. 
As the Full Bench observed in Sprigg:

‘... we acknowledge that there is a speculative element involved in all 
such assessments. We believe it is a necessary step by virtue of the 
requirement of s.170CH(7)(c). We accept that assessment of relative 
likelihoods is integral to most assessments of compensation or 
damages in courts of law.’

[34] Lost remuneration is usually calculated by estimating how long the 
employee would have remained in the relevant employment but for the 
termination of their employment. We refer to this period as the 
‘anticipated period of employment’...’

[17] The identification of this starting point amount “necessarily involves 
assessments as to future events that will often be problematic” Once this first 
step has been undertaken, various adjustments are made in accordance with 
s.392 and the formula for matters including monies earned since dismissal, 
contingencies, any reduction on account of the employee’s misconduct and the 
application of the cap of six months’ pay. This approach is however subject to 
the overarching requirement to ensure that the level of compensation is in an 
amount that is considered appropriate having regard to all the circumstances of 
the case.”

[43] We would add to this that in quantifying compensation, it is necessary to set out 
with some precision the way in which the various matters required to be taken into 
account under s.392(2) (and s.392(3) if relevant), and the steps in the Sprigg formula, 
have been assessed and quantified. That is to say, the way in which a final 
compensation amount has been arrived at should be readily apparent and explicable 
from the reasons of the decision-maker.’








[2019] FWC 3249

46

[129] In a recent Full Bench decision, Hanson Construction Materials Pty Ltd v Pericich

[2018] FWCFB 5960, it has been made clear that the Sprigg formula is not to be applied in a 

rigid manner. At [39] the Full Bench said:

‘[39] The strict application of the approach set out in Sprigg v Paul’s Licensed Festival 
Supermarket (Sprigg), and endorsed in subsequent decisions, would yield an order that 
Mr Pericich be paid compensation of 1 weeks’ pay. Sprigg is a useful servant, but is 
not to be applied in a rigid determinative manner. In deciding the amount of a 
compensation order the Act directs that the Commission ‘must take into account all of 
the circumstances of the case’ including the particular matters set out at s.392(2)(a) to 
(g).’

Viability effect

[130] The respondent provided no details as to its financial position. Given the order I 

propose to make I do not consider that the order will adversely impact on the respondent’s 

enterprise and do not accept the order should be complied with by instalments.

Length of service 

[131] The applicant’s service was two years. This is neither a short nor a lengthy period of 

service.

Remuneration earnt to be taken into account

[132] The respondent relied on the applicant’s resignation on 3 May 2018 as a basis for 

calculating how long she would have remained in employment, but for her dismissal. 

However, that ignores Mr Davis’ submission that the offer of employment to work at Redgum 

Childcare did not proceed. While there is no direct evidence as to why the offer was 

withdrawn, Mr Davis’ claim that Redgum Childcare had reservations after hearing about the 

allegations, has a ‘ring of truth’ about it, particularly given the regional area in which the 

applicant worked. She obtained alternative employment at Stepping Stones Childcare Centre

on 2 July 2018. I find that the applicant would have remained in employment, but for her 

dismissal until 2 July 2019.  The applicant seeks the 8 weeks she was unemployed at the 

hourly rate of $29.65 for 37.5 hours a week. This totals $8,895.00 plus $741.25 lost accrued 

annual leave for that period. Accordingly, an order is sought for $9,636.25.








[2019] FWC 3249

47

[133] The applicant has mitigated her losses. I make no deductions for contingencies. I have 

also taken into account that the applicant received no notice of her dismissal or payment in 

lieu of notice. Notice payment would have been two weeks. Given I have found that there was 

no misconduct of the applicant, no deduction in compensation is made on that score (s 

392(3)). The order I intend to make contains no component by way of compensation for 

shock, distress, humiliation or other analogous hurt (s 392(4)).

Compensation Assessment 

[134] The compensation cap in relation to the applicant is the lesser of the amount 

equivalent to the remuneration earned by her in the 26 weeks immediately before her 

dismissal. As just mentioned, I have determined that the applicant would have remained in 

employment for a further period of 8 weeks, until obtaining employment at Stepping Stones 

Childcare Centre. I also consider that the amount of 2 weeks’ pay in recognition of notice 

should be added to the order sought, being $9,636.25 + $2,223.75 = $11,860.00.

[135] This amount is obviously below the cap of compensation the applicant earnt in the 26 

weeks prior to her dismissal. Accordingly, I propose to order an amount of compensation of 

$11,860.00.

CONCLUSION

[136] For the aforementioned reasons, I am satisfied the dismissal of the applicant by the 

respondent on 7 May 2018 was ‘harsh, unjust and unreasonable’, within the meaning of the 

Act, for which compensation of $11,860.00 should be ordered. Finally, s 381(2) of the Act is 

a significant and overreaching object of Part 3-2. It is expressed in these terms:

‘381 Object of this Part

(1) The object of this Part is:

(a) to establish a framework for dealing with unfair dismissal that balances:

(i) the needs of business (including small business); and

(ii) the needs of employees; and

(b) to establish procedures for dealing with unfair dismissal that

(i) are quick, flexible and informal; and








[2019] FWC 3249

48

(ii) address the needs of employers and employees; and

(c) to provide remedies if a dismissal is found to be unfair, with an emphasis 
on reinstatement.

(2) The procedures and remedies referred to in paragraphs (1)(b) and (c), and the 
manner of deciding on and working out such remedies, are intended to ensure that a 
"fair go all round" is accorded to both the employer and employee concerned.

Note: The expression "fair go all round" was used by Sheldon J in in re Loty and
Holloway v Australian Workers' Union [1971] AR (NSW) 95.’

[137] I am satisfied that the remedy I have determined will ensure a ‘fair go all round’ is 

accorded to both the applicant and the respondent. The amount ordered is subject to any 

deductions of appropriate taxation, according to law.  The amount of compensation is to be 

paid to the applicant within 21 days of today. Orders giving effect to my conclusions will be 

published contemporaneously with this decision.

DEPUTY PRESIDENT

Appearances:

J Davis for the applicant
D Morphett for the respondent

Hearing details:

2018.

Dubbo:

4 December

Final written submissions:


ORK WORK COMMISSION FAIR THE SEAL OF




 



[2019] FWC 3249

49

Applicant, 13 January 2019

Respondent, 31 December 2018

Printed by authority of the Commonwealth Government Printer

PR708198

Cases cited by this decision: