[2016] FWCFB 1894
The attached document replaces the document previously issued with the above code on 31
March 2016.
The reference at endnote 4 has been corrected.
Miriam Henry
Associate to Justice Ross
Dated: 1 April 2016
1
Fair Work Act 2009
s.437 - Application for a protected action ballot order
Maritime Union of Australia, The
v
Maersk Crewing Australia Pty Ltd
(B2015/1574)
JUSTICE ROSS, PRESIDENT
VICE PRESIDENT WATSON
DEPUTY PRESIDENT GOSTENCNIK
SYDNEY, 31 MARCH 2016
Application for a protected action ballot order – proper construction of ss.437(1) and (2A) –
‘notification time’.
[1] This decision deals with some important legal issues which have arisen in the context
of an application by the Maritime Union of Australia (the MUA) for a Protected Action Ballot
Order (a ‘PABO’) in respect of its members employed by Maersk Crewing Australia Pty Ltd
(Maersk) to whom the Maersk Crewing Australia Pty Ltd Integrated Ratings, Cooks, Caterers
and Seafarers (Offshore Oil and Gas) Greenfields Agreement 2010 (the ‘2010 Maersk
Agreement’) applied. It is convenient to first set out the relevant facts, which are not in
dispute.
[2] The nominal expiry date of the 2010 Maersk Agreement is 31 July 2013. On 16
January 2013 Maersk agreed to bargain, or initiated bargaining, giving a Notice of Employee
Representational Rights (the ‘January 2013 NERR’) to employees who would be covered by
the agreement described in the notice. For present purposes it is relevant to note that the
January 2013 NERR stated:
‘Maersk Crewing Australia gives notice that it is bargaining in relation to an enterprise
agreement, the Maersk Crewing Australia Pty Ltd Integrated Ratings, Cooks, Caterers and
Seafarers (Offshore Oil and Gas) Greenfields Agreement 2013, which is proposed to cover
employees that are currently engaged in the classifications contained in the Maersk Crewing
Australia Pty Ltd Integrated Ratings, Cooks, Caterers and Seafarers (Offshore Oil and Gas)
Greenfields Agreement 2010.’
[3] It is common ground that the proposed agreement referred to in the January 2013
NERR was an ‘MUA only’ enterprise agreement, that is the MUA was the only employee
[2016] FWCFB 1894
DECISION
E AUSTRALIA FairWork Commission
[2016] FWCFB 1894
2
organisation to be covered by the proposed agreement and the MUA is the only union with
coverage of the classifications contained in the agreement. The MUA and Maersk engaged in
bargaining after the January 2013 NERR was issued. It is also common ground that the
January 2013 NERR did not comply with s.174(1A) of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) (FW
Act) and was not a valid NERR.
[4] On 15 October 2015 Maersk agreed to bargain, or initiated bargaining, giving a NERR
(the ‘October 2015 NERR’) to employees who would be covered by the agreement described
in that notice (Maersk’s proposed agreement). Maersk’s proposed agreement covers
employees falling within the coverage of three unions – the MUA, the Australian Institute of
Marine and Power Engineers (AIMPE) and the Australian Maritime Officers Union (AMOU).
[5] On 12 November 2015 a majority of employees covered by the October 2015 NERR
voted not to approve Maersk’s proposed agreement.
[6] On 3 December 2015 the MUA provided a proposed ‘MUA only’ enterprise
agreement to Maersk and on 10 December 2015 the MUA filed an application for a PABO.
The PABO application was heard by Commissioner Williams on 23 December 2015 and
during the course of that hearing Maersk applied for the matter to be referred to a Full Bench
pursuant to s.615A of the FW Act. The s.615A referral application was granted on the basis
that the Full Bench would determine the various legal issues and then remit the PABO
application to Commissioner Williams for determination.
[7] Maersk contends that, properly construed, s.437(2A) read with s.437(1) mean that an
application for a PABO cannot be made before the ‘notification time’ for the proposed
enterprise agreement. Further, it is submitted that because the notification time triggers the
requirement for the employer to give the NERR for the proposed enterprise agreement, these
provisions mean that the Commission cannot make a PABO unless the employer has given a
valid NERR for the proposed agreement. Applying those propositions to the present matter,
Maersk submits that no valid NERR has been given for the MUA’s proposed agreement and,
further, there is no notification time in respect of the MUA’s proposed agreement. On this
basis it is submitted that the application is incompetent under s.437(1) and should be
dismissed.
[8] In the alternative Maersk contends that the Commission should dismiss the application
as it cannot be satisfied that the applicant has been, and is, genuinely trying to reach an
agreement (within the meaning of s.443(1)(b)) because the proposed agreement could not be
approved by the Commission.
[9] Maersk’s contentions turn on the proper construction of ss 437 and 443 of the FW Act.
Section 437 deals with who may apply for a PABO and relevantly provides as follows:
437 Application for a protected action ballot order
Who may apply for a protected action ballot order
(1) A bargaining representative of an employee who will be covered by a proposed
enterprise agreement, or 2 or more such bargaining representatives (acting jointly), may
apply to the FWC for an order (a protected action ballot order) requiring a protected
[2016] FWCFB 1894
3
action ballot to be conducted to determine whether employees wish to engage in
particular protected industrial action for the agreement.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the proposed enterprise agreement is:
(a) a greenfields agreement; or
(b) a multi-enterprise agreement.
(2A) Subsection (1) does not apply unless there has been a notification time in relation
to the proposed enterprise agreement.
Note: For notification time, see subsection 173(2). Protected industrial action cannot be taken
until after bargaining has commenced (including where the scope of the proposed enterprise
agreement is the only matter in dispute).
[10] Ascertaining the legal meaning of a statutory provision necessarily begins with the
ordinary grammatical meaning of the words used, having regard to their context and
legislative purpose.1
[11] In Alcan (NT) Alumina Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Territory Revenue2 (Alcan) the High
Court described the task of legislative interpretation in the following terms:
‘This Court has stated on many occasions that the task of statutory construction must begin
with a consideration of the text itself. Historical considerations and extrinsic materials cannot
be relied on to displace the clear meaning of the text. The language which has actually been
employed in the text of legislation is the surest guide to legislative intention. The meaning of
the text may require consideration of the context, which includes the general purpose and
policy of a provision, in particular the mischief it is seeking to remedy.’
[12] Subsection 437(1) provides that a bargaining representative of an employee who will
be covered by ‘a proposed enterprise agreement’ may apply to the Commission for a PABO.
Subsection 443(1)(a) requires an application to have been made under s.437 in order for the
Commission to be empowered to make a PABO.
[13] The proper construction of the expression ‘a proposed enterprise agreement’ in
s.437(1) was considered by a Full Bench of the Commission in Mermaid Marine Vessel
Operations Pty Ltd v The Maritime Union of Australia (Mermaid Marine)3 as follows:
‘[42] It is to be observed from the above, that the Act variously makes reference to a
“proposed agreement”, or the ”proposed enterprise agreement” and “proposed single-
enterprise agreement” to describe in a particular context the same concept, that is, the
agreement that is being proposed by a party wishing to bargain or by one that is actually
bargaining. That this is so seems to be confirmed by the Explanatory Memorandum to Fair
Work Bill 2008 and its description of the use of the phrase “proposed enterprise agreement” in
Parts 2-4 and 3-3 as “a generic term”, and its reference to the decision in Wesfarmers Premier
Coal Ltd v Automotive, Food, Metals, Engineering, Printing and Kindred Union (No 2) in
which French J referred to the use of the words “proposed agreement” in s. 170MI of the
Workplace Relations Act 1996 as a “generic term [that] allows for a variety of possibilities”.
The content of a proposed agreement need not be settled nor need the scope of a proposed
agreement be agreed between the bargaining parties for that which is proposed by one party to
bear the character of a proposed agreement or proposed enterprise agreement for the purposes
of the Act…
[2016] FWCFB 1894
4
[46] When read in context, “a proposed enterprise agreement” in s.438(1) seems to us to mean
no more than the agreement the bargaining representative applying for an order under s. 447 is
proposing at the time the application for a protected action ballot order is made. It is that
agreement to which the ballot will relate and it is employees represented by the bargaining
representative who fall within the scope of that agreement (or a group of such employees) who
will vote on questions of particular industrial action. That the Appellant does not agree with
the scope of the proposed agreement or would prefer a broader scope or that the bargaining
parties have bargained for a broader scope previously is, for the purpose of identifying the
proposed enterprise agreement to which s.438(1) might relate, irrelevant in considering
whether s.438(1) prohibits an application being made.’ (footnotes omitted)4
[14] The views expressed in Mermaid Marine were subsequently endorsed by the Full
Bench in Skilled Offshore Pty Ltd v AMWU and others (Skilled Offshore).5
[15] Mermaid Marine and Skilled Offshore stand for the proposition that all that is required
for there to be ‘a proposed enterprise agreement’ within the meaning of ss. 437(1) and 443(1)
of the FW Act is an ‘agreement [which] the bargaining representative applying for an order
under [s.437] is proposing at the time the application for a protected action ballot order is
made’.6 Further, in MUA v Swire Pacific Ship Management (Australia) Pty Ltd (Swire)7the
Full Bench characterised a ‘proposed enterprise agreement’ as something that one of the
parties wants to negotiate: ‘There need not be a developed draft, and it may simply be an idea
or a series of claims…’8 While Mermaid Marine, Skilled Offshore, and Swire were all decided
before the commencement of s.437(2A), we are not persuaded that the introduction of
s.437(2A) affects the reasoning in those cases in respect of this issue.
[16] We should also add that the decision in Mermaid Marine should not be taken as
suggesting that an application under s. 437(1) of the FW Act may only be made in relation to
an agreement proposed by a PABO applicant. Mermaid Marine was concerned with resolving
a contention that because the scope of the agreement proposed by the employer covered
employees who were also covered by an operative enterprise agreement whose nominal
expiry date had not yet passed and was not due to pass for some significant period, the PABO
applicant was prevented, by reason of s.438 (1), from making the application. However the
PABO applicant in Mermaid Marine was proposing an agreement which was narrower in
scope than the agreement proposed by the employer covering only those employees who were
not otherwise covered by the operative enterprise agreement. It is in that context that
paragraph [46] in Mermaid Marine is to be understood.
[17] Therefore, it seems to us plainly permissible that a bargaining representative of an
employee who will be covered by an agreement proposed by the employer, may apply for a
protected action ballot order to determine whether employees wish to engage in particular
protected industrial action for that agreement.
[18] As we have mentioned, Maersk contends that the insertion of s.437(2A) means that in
order for a PABO application to have been validly made under s.437(1) there must have been
a ‘notification time’ for the proposed enterprise agreement and there must also have been a
valid NERR given within 14 days of the ‘notification time’. We accept the first contention but
reject the second.
[2016] FWCFB 1894
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[19] Subsection 437(2A) was inserted by the Fair Work Amendment Act 2015 (Cth) and
commenced operation on 27 November 2015. The MUA’s application for a PABO was made
on 10 December 2015 and therefore s.437(2A) applies to that application.
[20] Subsection 437(2A) provides that an application for a PABO, under s.437(1), cannot
be made unless there has been a ‘notification time’ in relation to the ‘proposed enterprise
agreement’. The term ‘notification time’ is used elsewhere in the Act and is defined in s.
173(2). The legislative note to s.437(2A) directs attention to the definition of notification time
in s.173(2). Section 40A of the FW Act provides that that Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth)
(the AI Act) as in force on 25 June 2009 applies to the FW Act. At that time s.13 of the AI
Act provided, :
‘(3) No marginal note, footnote or endnote to an Act, and no heading to a section of an Act,
shall be taken to be part of the Act.’
[21] Despite the fact that marginal notes do not form part of the FW Act they may be used
as aid to construction.9 While a note cannot govern the text of the FW Act,10 it should not be
disregarded.11
[22] The legislative note to s.437(2A) refers to the definition of ‘notification time’ in s.173.
Section 173 provides as follows:
‘173 Notice of employee representational rights
Employer to notify each employee of representational rights
(1) An employer that will be covered by a proposed enterprise agreement that is not a
greenfields agreement must take all reasonable steps to give notice of the right to be
represented by a bargaining representative to each employee who:
(a) will be covered by the agreement; and
(b) is employed at the notification time for the agreement.
Note: For the content of the notice, see section 174.
Notification time
(2) The notification time for a proposed enterprise agreement is the time when:
(a) the employer agrees to bargain, or initiates bargaining, for the agreement; or
(b) a majority support determination in relation to the agreement comes into operation; or
(c) a scope order in relation to the agreement comes into operation; or
(d) a low-paid authorisation in relation to the agreement that specifies the employer comes into
operation.
Note: The employer cannot request employees to approve the agreement under section 181
until 21 days after the last notice is given (see subsection 181(2)).
When notice must be given
(3) The employer must give the notice as soon as practicable, and not later than 14 days, after
the notification time for the agreement.
Notice need not be given in certain circumstances
[2016] FWCFB 1894
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(4) An employer is not required to give a notice to an employee under subsection (1) in
relation to a proposed enterprise agreement if the employer has already given the employee a
notice under that subsection within a reasonable period before the notification time for the
agreement.
How notices are given
(5) The regulations may prescribe how notices under subsection (1) may be given.’
[23] The only definition in the FW Act of the ‘notification time’ for a proposed enterprise
agreement is in s.173(2). Having regard to the context and the legislative note, and the need to
give effect to the legislative intention, it is clear that the reference in s.437(2A) to a
‘notification time in relation to the proposed enterprise agreement’, means a notification time
within the meaning of s.173(2). No party contended otherwise.
[24] Contrary to Maersk’s contention, we are not persuaded that s.437(2A) requires that
there has been a notification time in respect of the enterprise agreement proposed by the
PABO applicant. As we have mentioned, the reference to ‘a proposed enterprise agreement’
in s.437(1) refers relevantly to the enterprise agreement proposed by the applicant at the time
the PABO application is made.12 Subsection 437(2A) provides that a PABO application
cannot be made ‘unless there has been a notification time in relation to the proposed
enterprise agreement’ (emphasis added). The subsection does not require there to have been a
notification time for the particular agreement proposed by the PABO applicant. It is sufficient
that there has been a notification time ‘in relation to’ the agreement proposed by the PABO
applicant.
[25] The expression ‘in relation to’ is one ‘of broad import’.13 In O’Grady v Northern
Queensland Co Ltd McHugh J observed that the expression ‘requires no more than a
relationship, whether direct or indirect, between two subject matters’.14 Context is important
in determining the connection to which a statutory provision is referring. In Travelex Ltd v
Commissioner of Taxation, French CJ and Hayne J said ((2010) 241 CLR 510 at [25]):
‘It may readily be accepted that ‘in relation to’ is a phrase that can be used in a variety of
contexts, in which the degree of connection that must be shown between the two subject
matters joined by the expression may differ. It may also be accepted that ‘the subject matter
of the enquiry, the legislative history, and the facts of the case’ are all matters that will bear
upon the judgment of what relationship must be shown in order to conclude that there is a
supply ‘in relation to’ rights [citations omitted].’
[26] The legislative purpose in the enactment of s.437(2A) is to ensure that protected
industrial action cannot be taken until after bargaining has commenced – that is, after the time
when the employer agrees to bargain, or initiates bargaining (or one of the other
circumstances constituting the ‘notification time’ within the meaning of s.173(2)). To import
into s.437(2A) a requirement that the ‘notification time’ must be in respect of the agreement
proposed by the PABO applicant would mean (relevantly in the context of the present matter)
that the employer must have agreed to bargain or have initiated bargaining for a proposed
enterprise agreement with precisely the same scope as that sought by the PABO applicant.
Such a construction would have the effect of removing scope from the matters in bargaining
in support of which employees can engage in protected industrial action. This would be the
[2016] FWCFB 1894
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case because a bargaining representative would only be able to apply for a PABO in relation
to a proposed enterprise agreement containing the scope proposed by, or agreed with, the
employer.
[27] A consequence of the construction proposed by Maersk is that by not agreeing on the
scope of the proposed enterprise agreement, an employer would be able to prevent employees
from engaging in protected industrial action unless they have first obtained a majority support
determination, scope order or low paid authorisation. It seems to us that such a consequence
is inimical to the scheme of the FW Act.15 The scope of a proposed enterprise agreement can
itself be the subject of bargaining and bargaining within the meaning of the FW Act may have
commenced even though the parties disagree about the scope of the proposed enterprise
agreement. As the Full Bench observed in Stuartholme School v The Corporation of the
Trustees of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane,:
‘[t]he terms of [s237] unambiguously suggest that bargaining may have commenced under the
Fair Work Act even though the parties to the bargaining process are in disagreement about the
scope of the proposed agreement’.16
[28] Importantly, in the absence of a scope order, the parties to a proposed enterprise
agreement are entitled to continue to bargain over the scope of the agreement until that matter
is settled through bargaining. If there is a notification time in relation to the proposed
agreement, protected industrial action in support of a claim for a particular scope may be
taken.
[29] The construction we have adopted is entirely consistent with the legislative note to
s.437(2A). As set out earlier, the Note states:
‘For notification time, see subsection 173(2). Protected industrial action cannot be taken until
bargaining has commenced including where the scope of the proposed enterprise agreement is
the only matter in dispute.’ (emphasis added)
[30] The Note clearly contemplates that the scope of a proposed enterprise agreement may
be the subject of bargaining and that protected industrial action may be taken in support of a
claim for a particular scope.
[31] As we have mentioned, Maersk contends that because the ‘notification time’ in
s.173(2) triggers the requirement for the employer to give the NERR in respect of the
proposed enterprise agreement it follows that the Commission cannot make a PABO unless
the employer has given a valid NERR for the proposed enterprise agreement. We reject this
contention. Maersk’s contention imports an additional precondition which simply is not
found in the text of section 437(2A).
[32] It is important to appreciate the role of the NERR in respect of a proposed enterprise
agreement and the persons who will be covered by that agreement. The NERR provides
employees with important information about the nature of a proposed enterprise agreement
and the employees’ right to appoint a bargaining representative to assist them in bargaining
for the agreement or a matter before the Commission about bargaining for the agreement. The
NERR also sets out the default position for union members, that is, they will be represented
by their union if they do not appoint a bargaining representative.17
[2016] FWCFB 1894
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[33] Subsection 437(2A) makes no express reference to any requirement that there be a
valid NERR in respect of the ‘proposed enterprise agreement’, and nor does such a
requirement arise by necessary implication. The ‘mischief’ to which s.437(2A) is directed is
quite limited. As we have mentioned, its purpose is to ensure that protected industrial action
cannot be taken until after the employer agrees to bargain, initiates bargaining, or is required
to bargain by the issue of a relevant majority support determination or scope order.
[34] Contrary to Maersk’s contention, s.437(2A) defines the commencement of bargaining
by reference to a ‘notification time’ within the meaning of s.173(2), not by the giving of a
NERR. As observed by Hatcher VP in Transport Workers' Union of Australia v Hunter
Operations Pty Ltd18 (‘Hunter’), the definition of ‘notification time’ in s.173(2)(a), ‘indicates
that an employer’s agreement to bargain is a single event which happens at a particular point
in time’. Hence, s.437(2A) refers to a point in time – the ‘notification time’ – not what the
FW Act prescribes must be done by an employer at that point in time (ie issue a NERR within
14 days of the ‘notification time’: ss 173(1) and (3)).
[35] As Hatcher VP observed in Hunter19, ‘an employer may agree to bargain expressly in
writing or orally, or … an employer may be inferred to have agreed to bargain through its
conduct (such as by commencing to actually engage in bargaining in relation to a proposed
enterprise agreement)’. The issuing of an NERR may evidence that the employer has agreed
to bargain, but the requirement to issue the NERR arises once the employer has agreed to
bargain or has initiated bargaining – it is not a prerequisite for bargaining.20 Whether an
employer has agreed to bargain or has initiated bargaining in relation to a proposed enterprise
agreement is a question of fact. An NERR is an indicator of employer intention – but not
necessarily the determining factor.
[36] Maersk’s reliance on ResMed Limited v AMWU (ResMed)21 in support of its
contention22, is misplaced. The extract from ResMed cited by Maersk is obiter and irrelevant
to determining the proper construction of s.437(2A).
[37] If accepted, Maersk’s construction of ss 437(1) and (2A) could produce outcomes
which are plainly contrary to the scheme of the FW Act and the purpose of s.437(2A). An
employer could deny its employees the right to engage in protected industrial action simply
by failing to give a valid NERR, even though the employer had agreed to bargain or had
initiated bargaining for an enterprise agreement with those employees. The purpose of
s.437(2A) is to prevent employees engaging in protected industrial action to pressure an
employer to agree to bargain. But once an employer has agreed to bargain, or has initiated
bargaining for a proposed enterprise agreement, employees may23 engage in protected
industrial action to support their claims in relation to their proposed enterprise agreement
(including a claim about the scope of such an agreement).
[38] Maersk’s construction would also give rise to anomalous outcomes. A PABO
application could be made shortly after the ‘notification time’ (i.e. within the 14 day period in
which a NERR is to be given: s.173(3)) but before a valid NERR is issued. But no valid
PABO application would be made after the 14 day period specified in s.173(3), unless a valid
NERR had been issued by the employer. We note that counsel for Maersk submitted that in
[2016] FWCFB 1894
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each of the circumstances referred to a PABO application could not be made. In respect of the
first example it was submitted that as there was no valid NERR ‘at that point in time’ the
Commission could not be satisfied that the ‘proposed enterprise agreement’ (in the context of
s.437(1)) could be approved under the FW Act24. We reject this submission. In such
circumstances the Commission would be entitled to proceed on the basis that the employer
would comply with the terms of s.173(3).
[39] The relevant extract from the Explanatory Memorandum to the Fair Work Amendment
Bill 2014 also supports the construction we have adopted:
‘Item 56 – After subsection 437(2)
144. This item inserts new subsection 437(2A), which provides that an application for a
protected action ballot order cannot be made unless there has been a ‘notification time’ in
relation to the proposed enterprise agreement. The legislative note underneath the provision
directs the reader to the definition of notification time in subsection 173(2).
145. The Fair Work Review Panel recommended that the Fair Work Act be amended so
that an application for a protected action ballot order may only be made when bargaining for a
proposed agreement has commenced, either voluntarily or because a majority support
determination has been obtained (recommendation 31). This recommendation concerns the
‘strike first, talk later’ issue that was considered by the Full Federal Court in JJ Richards &
Sons Pty Ltd v Fair Work Australia [2012] FCAFC 53. Item 56 implements that
recommendation.
146. The Fair Work Review Panel further recommended that the Fair Work Act expressly
provide that bargaining has commenced for this purpose despite any disagreement over the
scope of the agreement (see Stuartholme v Independent Education Union [2010] FWAFB
1714 and MSS Security v LHMU [2010] FWAFB 6519) (recommendation 31). The
amendment implements this recommendation by including a legislative note to make clear that
disagreement over the scope of a proposed enterprise agreement does not, of itself, prevent the
taking of protected industrial action.
147. The new subsection does not displace any of the existing requirements under the
Fair Work Act relating to the taking of protected industrial action. These requirements include
that an applicant for a protected action ballot order must be genuinely trying to reach
agreement from the notification time until a protected action ballot order is made
(paragraph 443(1)(b)), the common requirements for industrial action to be protected
industrial action (section 413) and the notice requirements for industrial action (section 414).’
[40] It is plain from the Explanatory Memorandum that s.437(2A) was introduced to
implement a recommendation of the Fair Work Review Panel. The relevant extracts from the
Review Panel’s report25 are set out below:
The industrial action provisions of the FW Act have not significantly changed from Work
Choices. However, the addition of the good faith bargaining provisions represents a significant
change to the overall bargaining framework. The Panel received submissions from a number
of employer groups suggesting that the industrial action provisions sit uncomfortably with the
new bargaining rules and for that reason the Panel has given this matter considerable
attention…
http://www.fwc.gov.au/decisionssigned/html/2010fwafb6519.htm
http://www.fwc.gov.au/decisionssigned/html/2010fwafb1714.htm
http://www.fwc.gov.au/decisionssigned/html/2010fwafb1714.htm
[2016] FWCFB 1894
10
Submissions have questioned whether industrial action should continue to be available as a
legitimate means of persuading an unwilling employer to bargain, in light of the new capacity
to require an employer to bargain through the use of a majority support determination. This
has most clearly been ventilated in the JJ Richards26 litigation.
The policy underpinning the FW Act about whether industrial action was intended to be
available to persuade an unwilling employer to bargain is not clear. There are no express
statements to this effect. Nor are there any express policy statements that this mechanism,
previously available under Work Choices, was intended to be removed.
Under the FW Act, the issue was first considered by a Full Bench of FWA in Ford Motor
Company of Australia Pty Ltd v CEPU and Ors.27 In that case, even though bargaining had
been ongoing for some months, there was a dispute about the scope of the proposed
agreements. The unions applied for a protected action ballot order in respect of its proposed
scope. Ford opposed the order, arguing that the unions were not genuinely trying to reach an
agreement, as there had been no bargaining about an agreement with the unions’ scope. The
Full Bench found that the protected industrial action provisions were ‘premised on the basis
that negotiations, or bargaining, for an enterprise agreement to be made under the Act must be
in train before protected industrial action may be organised or engaged in’.28 As Ford had not
agreed to the unions’ proposed scope, a ballot order could not be issued.
The outcome in Ford meant that not only was protected industrial action unavailable when an
employer had not agreed to bargain, it was not possible to take industrial action to support or
advance a party’s preferred scope for an agreement. However, two subsequent Full Benches
rejected this approach.29
In JJ Richards, which followed, the employer simply refused to bargain.30… the key legal
issue in JJ Richards was whether a protected action ballot order can be made before
bargaining has commenced, or whether the TWU was first required to obtain a majority
support determination to force the employer to do so.31 At first instance, Commissioner
Harrison granted the ballot order,32 finding that ‘the Act does not require a bargaining agent to
seek a majority support determination, good faith bargaining orders, or scope orders as a
prerequisite to seeking a protected action ballot order where an employer refuses to commence
bargaining’.33 This decision was upheld on appeal by a Full Bench, and confirmed by the Full
Federal Court of Australia while the Review was underway.34
Numerous employers and some other parties expressed serious concern with the policy
implications of the Full Bench decision in JJ Richards (now confirmed by the Full Federal
Court)35 and proposed that the FW Act should be amended to provide that bargaining must be
occurring, either through the agreement of the employer or via a majority support
determination, before a protected action ballot can be sought and granted.36
While the law is now settled, we do not think this is the appropriate outcome from a policy
perspective. Given the legislature has sought to codify the circumstances in which an
employer can be positively required to bargain, we consider it incongruous for industrial
action to be available to bring pressure to bear on an employer to bargain outside of those
circumstances.
The mechanism to compel bargaining under the good faith bargaining provisions, a majority
support determination, requires the support of a majority of the employees to be covered by a
proposed agreement.1 In contrast, industrial action can be taken by a minority of employees to
1 FW Act, s. 237(2).
[2016] FWCFB 1894
11
be covered by a proposed enterprise agreement.2 Viewed this way, the capacity for protected
industrial action to be taken to persuade an unwilling employer to bargain tends to undermine
the majority support determination provisions, and represents a clear ‘disconnect’ with the
new bargaining regime in the FW Act.
However, to allay any doubt, we consider the scope of a proposed enterprise agreement to be a
legitimate matter for bargaining. In our view, bargaining for a proposed enterprise agreement
can commence whether the scope of the proposed agreement has been agreed or not. Our view
is consistent with that of the Full Bench in both Stuartholme and MSS Security and contrary to
the view of the Full Bench in Ford. The absence of agreement about scope should not
preclude the taking of protected industrial action.
Recommendation 31: The Panel recommends that Division 8 of Part 3-3 be amended to provide that an
application for a protected action ballot order may only be made when bargaining for a proposed
agreement has commenced, either voluntarily or because a majority support determination has been
obtained. The Panel further recommends that the FW Act expressly provide that bargaining has
commenced for this purpose despite any disagreement over the scope of the agreement.
[41] As reflected in the Explanatory Memorandum, s.437(2A) implements the first aspect
of recommendation 31.The Note clarifies that bargaining can be taken to have commenced for
the purpose of s.437(2A), even where the scope of the proposed enterprise agreement is the
only matter in dispute. To that extent the Note relates to the second part of recommendation
31, although as we earlier observed the Note is not part of the FW Act. It follows that if
bargaining can begin with an employer proposing a broadly scoped agreement and when
scope is in dispute, a bargaining representative proposing a more narrowly scoped agreement
may apply for a protected action ballot order in relation to that proposed agreement.
[42] The Explanatory Memorandum and the extract from the report of the Fair Work
Review Panel make it clear that the legislative purpose in enacting s.437(2A) was to
overcome the effect of the decision in JJ Richards and ensure that protected industrial action
cannot be taken until after bargaining has commenced.
[43] In J.J Richards37 the applicants contended that s.443 should be construed in a way
which conditioned its operation upon bargaining having commenced. The Full Court rejected
this proposition and held that a protected action ballot order under s. 443(1) may be made
even though bargaining between an employer and employees had not commenced. Jessup J
held, at [30]-[31]:
“However, notwithstanding that perception, and notwithstanding my disagreement, in one
important respect, with the reasons of the Full Bench, it is not possible to construe s 443(1)(b)
as the applicants would propose. I agree with the Full Bench that the contrast between the
references to bargaining in Pt 2-4 of the Act, and the words actually used in s 443(1)(b) is
striking. I accept that, under s 15AA of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth), an
interpretation should be favoured which would best achieve the purpose or object of the
legislation. That is no basis, however, for the introduction of additional requirements or
2 FW Act, ss. 437(5), s. 459.
[2016] FWCFB 1894
12
conditions which might have been, but which have not been, enacted. There is every reason to
perceive in s 443(1)(b) a departure from the scheme of regulated bargaining set out by Pt 2-4
of the Act and, in that sense, there is a certain tension with the object referred to in s 3(f).
Such a perception, however, would relate to the consistency of the implementation of
legislative policy. It would contribute little or nothing to the task of construction which
confronted the Full Bench.
In sum, the applicants’ case really amounts to no more than the proposition that the legislature
ought, consistent with the structure and policy of the Act as a whole, have conditioned the
power to make an order under s 443 upon the circumstance of bargaining having commenced.
However, that was a step which the legislature did not take, and it is a step which FWA could
not take. There was no jurisdictional error in the protected action ballot order made by FWA
on 16 February 2011 and confirmed by the Full Bench on 1 June 2011.”
[44] As to the question of whether a bargaining representative has been and is genuinely
trying to reach an agreement, Flick J said:
“It is ultimately concluded that s 443(1)(b) is to be construed such that Fair Work Australia
cannot reach a state of satisfaction that an “applicant … is … genuinely trying to reach an
agreement with the employer” unless:
an applicant has approached the employer and informed the employer of the general
ambit of that for which agreement is sought; and
the employer has foreshadowed — even in the most general of terms — its attitude as
to the proposed agreement.
More may be required. Much may well depend upon the factual scenario in which the terms of
s 443(1)(b) are to be applied. But such a minimum statement of that which is required is
sufficient to dispose of the present Application. Contrary to the submissions advanced on
behalf of the Applicants, the terms of s 443(1)(b) do not require:
bargaining to have commenced within the meaning of and for the purposes of s 173,
found within Pt 2-4 of the Fair Work Act.
So much, it is concluded, follows from the natural and ordinary meaning of the phrase “trying
to reach an agreement … ”. It is difficult to conclude that any person can try to reach an
agreement with another in the absence of a disclosure of that for which consensus is sought.
One person may wish to reach an agreement with another. But, until the general content of the
proposed agreement is disclosed, it cannot be said that he has even attempted to reach an
agreement. Until disclosed, it is not known whether the other person will readily embrace the
proposed agreement or shun it or (perhaps) embrace the concept of an agreement but wish to
vary one or other of its terms. Until disclosed, the person seeking agreement has not even tried
to solicit the response of the other. Unless the disclosure is genuinely with a view to reaching
agreement, it could well be said that the attempt to reach an agreement falls short of a person
even trying to reach agreement. The addition of the word “genuine” — on one approach to
construction — perhaps adds little. But the addition of that term serves to emphasise the
importance of a person actually trying to solicit agreement. Until a proposed agreement has
been disclosed to the prospective parties, and a response solicited, an applicant has not even
tried to reach agreement — let alone genuinely tried to reach agreement.”38
[45] Tracey J agreed with Jessup and Flick JJ that on its proper construction s.443(1) could
not be construed in the manner contended by the applicants:
[2016] FWCFB 1894
13
‘There is simply no warrant to read into the subsection words of limitation which do not
appear. The legislature has required that FWA must make a protected action ballot order if the
two conditions prescribed by s.443(1) are satisfied even if bargaining between an employer
and employees has not commenced.’39
[46] Subsection 437(2A) was enacted for a limited purpose – to overcome the effect of the
decision in J.J Richards and ensure that protected industrial action cannot be taken until after
bargaining has commenced – that is, after the time when the employer agreed to bargain, or
initiates bargaining (or one of the other circumstances constituting the ‘notification time’
within the meaning of s.173(2)). Hence, for the purposes of s.437(2A), the commencement of
bargaining is defined by reference to s.173(2), not by the giving of a NERR.
[47] We reject Maersk’s contention that because the ‘notification time’ in s.173(2) triggers
the requirement for the employer to give the NERR in respect of the proposed enterprise
agreement, the Commission cannot make a PABO unless the employer has given a valid
NERR for the proposed enterprise agreement. The validity of a NERR is not determinative in
deciding whether a PABO application can be made under s.437(1). However, a NERR is
relevant to the factual enquiry of whether the employer has agreed to bargain in relation to a
proposed agreement.
[48] As we have mentioned, Maersk also submits that no valid NERR has been given for
the MUA’s proposed enterprise agreement. We also reject that submission.
[49] It is common ground that the October 2015 NERR is a valid NERR. In our view the
NERR is evidence of the agreement by Maersk to bargain for an agreement with respect to
employees to whom the notice relates. There is no evidence to the contrary. As we have
mentioned, the October 2015 NERR was given to employees who would be covered by the
enterprise agreement described in the notice (Maersk’s proposed agreement). Maersk’s
proposed agreement covers employees covered by three unions – the MUA, the AIMPE and
the AMOU. The scope of the MUA’s proposed enterprise agreement is narrower – it is an
‘MUA only’ enterprise agreement’. Contrary to Maersk’s submission, we are satisfied that the
October 2015 NERR is a valid NERR for the purpose of the MUA’s proposed enterprise
agreement. This is so because the scope of the MUA’s proposed enterprise agreement falls
within the scope of the Maersk proposed enterprise agreement. Different considerations
would arise if the scope of the MUA’s proposed enterprise agreement had been wider than the
Maersk proposed agreement, but that is not the case. We do not propose to express a view
about alternative factual scenarios in the absence of full argument about such matters. In the
circumstances before us the facts of this matter do not appear to present an impediment to the
present application.
[50] Maersk also submits that the Commission cannot make a PABO in this matter as the
requirement in s.443(1)(b) cannot be satisfied. This submission is premised on the
proposition that the October NERR is not a valid NERR for the purpose of the MUA’s
proposed enterprise agreement. For the reasons give above, at [49], we have rejected that
proposition and it follows that Maersk’s submission in respect of s 443(1)(b) cannot stand.
[51] While it is not necessary for us to consider further the merits of Maersk’s s 443(1)(b)
submission we note that s 443(1)(b) directs the Commission’s attention to the applicant’s
[2016] FWCFB 1894
14
prior conduct at the time the application for a protected action ballot order is determined.40 If
accepted, Maersk’s proposed construction would focus attention not on the conduct of the
PABO applicant but on the conduct of the employer. A consequence of Maersk’s proposed
construction would be that if the employer, through error or design, fails to comply with the
terms of ss. 173(1) and (3) then the bargaining representative for the employees is prohibited
– through no fault of its own – from obtaining a PABO. The legislature cannot have intended
that the genuineness of the employees’ bargaining representative’s efforts to reach an
agreement be assessed by reference to the actions of the employer, over which the bargaining
representative has no control.
[52] Further, the submission put by Maersk in the present matter is essentially the same as
that put by the employer in Skilled Offshore, that is, where the proposed enterprise agreement
the subject of a PABO application is one that could not be approved by the Commission
because the requirements of ss. 173(1) or (3) have not been complied with, the requirements
of ss 437(1) and 443(1) cannot be met. The Skilled Offshore Full Bench rejected this
submission:
‘[29] We reject this submission for the following reasons. Sections 437(1) and 443(1) do not
define the expression "proposed enterprise agreement", nor do they refer to provisions
associated with approval of enterprise agreements such as s.173 of the FW Act. The
requirements of s.173, for example, must have been satisfied in relation to an enterprise
agreement which has been "made" under s.182 and in relation to which an application for
approval has been lodged under s.185, but there is no requirement under the FW Act for the
"proposed enterprise agreement" being considered at the time of an application for a protected
action ballot order to satisfy the conditions that must be met in order for an enterprise
agreement to be approved. All that is relevantly required in order for there to be a "proposed
enterprise agreement" within the meaning of ss.437(1) and 443(1) of the FW Act is an
"agreement [which] the bargaining representative applying for an order under [s.437] is
proposing at the time the application for a protected action ballot order is made". It would be
an unwarranted gloss on the statute to read into it the later requirements associated with
approval of an enterprise agreement that has been “made”.’
[53] The Skilled Offshore Full Bench found that, on the proper construction of ss. 437(1)
and 443(1), it was not required to resolve the factual issue of whether s.173 had been
complied with.41
[54] We acknowledge that Skilled Offshore was decided before s.437(2A) commenced, but
we are not persuaded that the introduction of s.437(2A) affects the reasoning in that case in
respect of this issue.
[55] It is also relevant to observe that the adoption of a construction of s.443(1)(b) which
would require the Commission, in each case, to determine whether the employer had
complied with the requirements of ss.173(1) and (3), is inconsistent with the object of
Division 8 of Part 3-3 and the scheme of the FW Act.
[56] In summary, we have reached the following conclusions:
1. Subsection 437(2A) provides that an application for a PABO, under s.437(1),
cannot be made unless there has been a ‘notification time’ (within the meaning
of s.173(2)) in relation to the enterprise agreement proposed by the PABO
[2016] FWCFB 1894
15
applicant. The subsection does not require there to have been a notification
time for the particular enterprise agreement proposed by the PABO applicant.
It is sufficient that there has been a notification time ‘in relation to’ the
agreement proposed by the PABO applicant.
2. Subsection 437(2A) was enacted for a limited purpose – to overcome the effect
of the decision in J.J Richards and ensure that protected industrial action
cannot be taken until after bargaining has commenced – that is, after the time
when the employer agreed to bargain, or initiates bargaining (or one of the
other circumstances constituting the ‘notification time’ within the meaning of
s.173(2)). Hence, for the purposes of s.437(2A), the commencement of
bargaining is defined by reference to s.173(2).
3. We reject the Maersk contention that because the ‘notification time’ in
s.173(2) triggers the requirement for the employer to give the NERR in respect
of the proposed enterprise agreement, the Commission cannot make a PABO
unless the employer has given a valid NERR for the proposed enterprise
agreement. Whether a valid NERR has been given in respect of the proposed
enterprise agreement is not determinative in deciding whether a PABO
application can be made under s.437(1). Where employer agreement is the
relevant “notification time’ factor, a NERR is relevant to the factual enquiry of
whether the employer has agreed to bargain in relation to a proposed
agreement.
4. The October 2015 NERR is a valid notice in relation to the MUA’s proposed
agreement. The October 2015 NERR is also evidence that Maersk has agreed
to bargain in relation to an agreement covering the employees specified in the
MUA’s proposed agreement. It follows that Maersk’s submissions in respect
of s.437(2A) and s.443(1)(b) must be rejected.
[57] We remit the MUA’s application for a PABO to Commissioner Williams for
determination.
PRESIDENT
Appearances:
Mr M Ritter SC with Ms E Palmer for the Applicant
Mr T Caspersz with Mr J Hulmes for the Respondent
Hearing details:
Perth.
2016.
22 February.
[2016] FWCFB 1894
16
Printed by authority of the Commonwealth Government Printer
Price code C, PR578379
1 See Alcan (NT) Alumina Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Territory Revenue (Northern Territory) (2009) 239 CLR 27 at [47];
CIC Insurance Ltd v Bankstown Football Club Ltd (1997) 187 CLR 384 at [408]; Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian
Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355 at [69]
2 (2009) 239 CLR 27 at para 47.
3 [2014] FWCFB 1317
4 Ibid at paragraphs [42] and [46]
5 [2015] FWCFB 7399 at [27]
6 Mermaid Marine [2014] FWCFB 1317 at [46] and Skilled Offshore [2015] FWCFB 7399 at [29]
7 [2014] FWCFB 2587.
8 Ibid at [34].
9 See s.15AB(2)(a) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth); Wong v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and
Indigenous Affairs (2004) 204 ALR 722 at 745
10 Re The News Corp Ltd (1987) 15 FCR 227 at 240
11 Shuster v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2008) 167 FCR 186 at 189
12 Although as we note at [16] – [17], an application for a protected action ballot order may also be made in relation to a
enterprise agreement proposed by an employer
13 O’Grady v Northern Queensland Co Ltd (1990) 169 CLR 356 at 374 per Toohey and Gaudron JJ
14 Ibid at 376. Also see Office of the Premier v Herald and Weekly Times Pty Ltd [2013] VSCA 79 at [71]; and Nordland
Papier AG v Anti-Dumping Authority [1999] 161 ALR 120 at [25].
15 See MSS Security [2010] FWAFB 6519 at [19]
16 [2010] FWAFB 1714 at [24]
17 Peabody Moorvale Pty Ltd v CFMEU [2014] FWCFB 2042 at [20]; Swire at [33].
18 [2014] FWC 7469 at [52]
19 [2014] FWC 7469 at [50]
20 Hunter [2014] FWC 7469 at [53]
21 [2015] FCAFC 195
22 Maersk’s submissions of 5 February 2016, at paragraph [14].
23 Subject to Part 3 – 3, Division 8 of Chapter 3 of the FW Act
24 Transcript of 22 February 2016, at paras 62-63.
25 ‘Towards more productive and equitable workplaces: An evaluation of the Fair Work legislation at pp 175-177
26 JJ Richards & Sons Pty Ltd v Fair Work Australia [2012] FCAFC 53.
27 [2009] FWAFB 1240.
28 [2009] FWAFB 1240, [32].
29 Stuartholme School and Ors v Independent Education Union of Australia [2010] FWAFB 1714; MSS Security Pty Ltd v
LHMU [2010] FWAFB 6519.
30 See [2011] FWAFB 3377, [5].
31 JJ Richards and Sons Pty Ltd v TWU [2011] FWAFB 3377, [7].
32 Transport Workers’ Union of Australia v JJ Richards and Sons Pty Ltd [2011] FWA 973.
33 ibid. [24].
34 JJ Richards and Sons Pty Ltd v TWU [2012] FCAFC 53.
35 [2010] FWAFB 9963, [2011] FWAFB 3377.
36 ACCI, pp. 14 112–113; Ai Group, p. 128; Allens Arthur Robinson, p. 5; AMMA, pp. 14, 106; AMIF, pp. 15–16; BHP, p.
11; BCA, pp. 50–51; Business SA, p. 8; HIA, pp. 45–46; HR Nicholls, p. 8; MBA, pp. 63–64; NECA, p. 5; Rio Tinto, pp.
5, 14; WA Government, pp. 3–4; Woodside, p. 15.
[2016] FWCFB 1894
17
37 (2012) 201 FCR 297
38 Ibid at 312 [58]-[59]
39 Ibid at [33]
40 Coles Supermarkets (Australia) Pty Ltd v AMIEU [2015] FWDFB 379 at [49]
41 Skilled Offshore Full Bench at paragraph [31]
